American government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American government - Essay ExampleAge is another factor where the young go not to voter turnout considering perhaps that their voting would not make a difference showing a lack of understanding or trust in the system. Older voters, over the age of 45, tend to vote more as an age group. More recently, statistics have shown that citizens over the age of 60 have voted more than in the past (Cummings and Wise 328). Religion plays a role in voter participation as religious groups tend to reach out to their communities in organized action (Cummings and Wise 328). Finally, another socioeconomic factor is behavior of marginalized groups, who like religious groups, would gravitate towards community based campaigns. Also, a number of marginalized groups whitethorn feel disenfranchised and not participate in voting at all (Hay 20).Objectivity and parti pris in the press and the Courts protection of its freedom Objectivity in reporting promoter that the reporter strips away any personal bi as and produces a report which is based on facts, is convincing, espouses gentleman values, presents a fair context and has views from all parties concerned. In practice, however, it is easier said than done.When the founder of Christian Broadcasting Network, CBN, smooth-tongued Robertson, lost in his bid to win Republican nomination for presidential candidate in 1988, he came back to his network and accused the liberal media establishment of masking their basic bias while claiming objectivity (Vaughn 98). CBN is a network that appeals to the Christian right and conservative political agenda. The establishment he referred to were the three study networks considered liberal, ABC, CBS and NBC. So which side was biased ? It seems the answer lies in what the reader or viewer himself believes in besides it is still important for a journalist associated with any organization to have made an attempt to be objective (Hachten XV). On another

Crossing Borders of the United States Term Paper

Crossing Borders of the United States - Term Paper ExampleNot only has the population increase, scarce the immigration also influenced the nation cultur ally, socially, and politically. The Latinos population growth is higher than the population growth in the blacks. That is wherefore the Spanish language has bypass all over the country. There argon The Spanish language has spread across the nation, and it is the accepted language in the workplace. There are also various Asian languages spoken all over the country. There are also many bilingual and multilingual schools have been established nationwide (Wilkinson 1). 2.A. Interests and Incentives for Immigration Men move from one country to another for various complex reasons. Some of them are imbibed to move out of their home country due to some serious disagreement or prejudices, while the others willingly move abroad. Whatever be the reasons, the immigrants face various social, cultural and other difficulties in the new natio n. Most of the migrants courageously face these difficulties mainly to recover their present economic status, as most all of them likely to move to the more developed nations for better earnings. After globalization, the movement of the labor force has been increased. 2.B. Social status and working condition of the immigrants in the receiver countries Henry in her paper explores that immigrants in the United Nations is socially accepted depending on the international position of their home country. She cited examples that the immigrants from the Northwest European countries are always socially accepted with high status. After globalization, people from Japan are also acquire high social status in the country. The social status of China is day by day growing after 1990s due to its economic and armed forces strength. Immigrants from the African countries are always been case-hardened with lowest status (Henry, 1). Orrenius and Zavodny in their paper indicates that the immigrants wo rk in more risky jobs in their workplaces that their inborn counterparts. They found that the immigrants take on more risky ventures in more dangerous industries.

Strategic Choices Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

St charge per unitgic Choices - Term Paper ExampleLow cost of the south-west air duct helps to give all persons to fly with lowest rate. It helps to offer the armed services or product that is different from its brisk competitors. It helps to create unique identity towards the product or service offered. It leave help toset up assets or competencies that competitors are not capable to copy or build up on their own. Weaknesses-There is no prescribed nominateions for union or involvement of labor in management decision making. This will leads to motley problems within the labor and union. Union and labor involvement of the competitor firms is different from each other. Focus on the particular area of the weakness helps to overcome the problems certain extent. This strategy will helps to overcome the problem that whitethorn raised due to this particular weakness. Opportunities- Technology has enhanced methods of advertisement and also enhancing methods of ticking for ex network etc. This strategy will helps to better utilization of technology at lowest possible rate of expenses. Use the technology that is used for the advertisement is different from that of the competitors that will helps attract more customers, This strategy helps to concenter on the particular kind of advertisement to capture the mind of customers. This is one of the most efficient strategies that will provide an opportunity to build their own position in the society. Threats-Interruption to operations due to various types of indecorous circumstances and air-traffic control connected constraints. This strategy helps to offer low cost services at the measure of adverse conditions. Economic condition of the country is different from each other. specialism strategy helps to offer service according to the condition of the country. This strategy gives attention only the negative condition of the nations to provide the better services. Southwest could also employ the points redemption plan as a chance to construct partnerships exterior of the airline business and arrive at to new markets. ostiarius argues that the strengths of an ultimately fall at a lower place one of the two headings, and they are differentiation and cost advantage (Differentiation Advantage, n,d, pg.5). By applying these strengths either on a narrow range on a wider scope three generic strategies can be suppose namely differentiation, cost leadership, and focus. These strategies are applied at the unit level of the business. If the primary determinant of a firms profitability is the attractiveness of the industry in which it operates, an important secondary determinant is its position within that industry (Porters Generic Strategies 1999 para 1). They are termed generic strategies for the reason that they are not depended on whatsoever industry or firm. A firm generates its value by performing a sequence of activities which Porter recognizes as value chain. In addition to the organizations ow n value-creating activities, the business functions in a value avoidance of vertical activities which consist of upstream dealers and downstream channel members. Four distinct strategies we use to analyze strategical options, although there are various approaches to achieving these strategies employed by different firms. They are Cost leadership Differentiation Niche focus

Management Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Management Information Systems - Essay poserutes majority of trades on stock exchange, has experienced the rapid stock executions that are performed by the computers based on external input, such as related securitys price. The excessive number of executions led the dodging to the crash. Because of the crash in 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) crashed by five hundred and eight (508) points (approximately 22.61%). Whereas, The May 6, 2010 kindle Crash was a United States stock foodstuff crash in which the DJIA has fallen around thousand (1,000) points (approximately 9%).The Flash Crash of May 6, 2010, was not a mere technical hitch. Whereas, the Black Monday was the failure program trading, overvaluation, market psycology and illiquidity. The similarities between the two crashed are meaningful and significant. In both crashes, comparatively, there was s same response of deteriorating prices prompting more and more intense selling. However, the the system was up withi n minutes in the newsbreak crash 2010, whereas, the Black Monday too much time to restore the system. But it can be stated that in the both crashes, the computer system was the main problem, however, both the crashes have their particular reasons as well. whiz of the main problems discussed in the case study is the poor performance of school system in America. In order to solve the problem, the data-driven information system was developed and deployed in the schools. However, it also opposed by the parents of the students by stating that the system is an unnecessary expenditure. Moreover, the parents and tutors also complained that the students spend more time on projects and creative tasks rather on course material. The teachers are enrolled in the system for their mitigatement, but this makes it difficult to dismiss the less effective teachers. Therefore, the system was also opposed by the teachers as they need to work hard (four hours weekly workload increased) to improve thei r results in the system. In general, it can be stated that any

Gatsby vs. Gatsby; novel vs. film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gatsby vs. Gatsby novel vs. postulate - Essay ExampleOne time Nick gets an invitation to one and only(a) of the many parties where he gets to meet Gatsby and they do it each other, having served in the First World War together. Gatsbys aim of hosting the parties is to attract the beautiful Daisy. He even gets to ask Nick to organize an accidental meeting so they re-unite a plan that last succeeds. Things take a different twist when Daisys husband, who is also in an extramarital affair, becomes suspicious of their affair. later on a night drive that kills Toms mistress, Tom goes hunting for, and shoots Gatsby then himself. Nick sets up a silent burial for Gatsby then returns to his initial home.Decades later in 2013, Baz Luhrmann directed a film, in the same name, featuring famous stars such as Leonardo DiCaprio. The Great Gatsby film was successful almost at a time that it won awards in its first year. This essay will compare the film and novel in level and evaluate their repr esentation on the theme of the human condition of always yearning for better or higher positions.The novel did not rise to fame immediately, it was published, but after the author died it was integrated into the high school English literature curriculum where its popularity began. The popularity is attributed to its close relation to real life events that overly engage the readers in that it portrays themes with both emotional and moral significances which are considered universal human attributes. What this means is that in reading the book, one always learns something more with regards to what being human entails. In the novel, the main theme portrayed revolves around incessant and insatiable human longing which is an inevitable part of human beings. The evidence in the Great Gatsby is seen in the characters like Gatsby, who is a millionaire, but still feels unsatisfied as long as he does not have Daisy. These and other attributes of human beings are brought out using different styles in the novel as this text will discuss.In

Possible Future Strategies for Research in Motion Essay

Possible Future Strategies for Research in act - Essay ExampleThe major competitors of RIM in the segment of mobile operating system platforms found of Nokia Corporation (Symbian), Apple Inc (iOS), Microsoft Corporation (Windows Phone), HTC Corporation, Google Inc (Android) and Motorola (Research in Motion (a), 2012,p.9). This is a highly competitive market and in recent years RIM has experienced a progressively declining market share that has led the musical arrangement to a current crisis situation. Currently, the organization is tasked with making large-scale strategic changes or even potentially organise for sale or takeover (De la Merced 2012). In terms of recent developments, the next generation systems (4G) alike HSPA+, WiMax and LTE were commercially introduced for the first time in 2011 (Research in Motion (a), 2012, p.10).. The wireless communication industry is overly observing the union of computing with personal entertainment competences on wireless communications gadgets through emerge the world. In the present day market, almost all the BlackBerry Smartphones include multimedia facilities that consist of music, playback, video recording, camera, and entre to content, games and other applications (Research in Motion (a), 2012, p.10). Increasingly, however, tablet technology has come to dominate the wireless market. The tablet, as earlier released through Apples iPad, ope place as a medium between handheld Smartphones and the larger-scale laptop. pestilence is an ellipsis for political, economic, social, and technological analysis. The political issues in the analysis generally comprise of government policies pertaining to the industry, tax regulations, laws and policies, bargain limitations and duties among others (Wheelen et al, 2008, p. 58). In comparison to other industrialised countries, the United States has the maximum corporate tax rate. The tax rates pertaining in the developing countries are much lower than that of the US, where RIM predominantly operates. A deduction in the tax rate would have enabled the management of RIM to have more cash to pay out dividends or reinvest.

Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Dissertation - Essay ExampleThere are several(prenominal) ways by which such developments are undertaken and one such technique is merger and achievement. Merger and acquisition is a concept in which 2 or more companies works together in the market. This see seeks to scrutinize the impact of merger and acquisition on a company. The company chosen is PTT Global chemic Company based on Thailand. The content revealed that the company has been both positively as well as negatively affected by the merger and acquisition activity. However, in order to deal with the negative impacts the study recommended strategies by which the company can overcome the same. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Chapter I INTRODUCTION 6 1.1 primer of the discover 6 1.2 presentation to Merger and Acquisition 7 1.3 Background of PTT Global Chemical Company 8 1.4 Relevance and Importance of the Study 9 1.5 Aim of the Study 9 1.6 investigate Objectives and Research Questions 9 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVI EW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Definition of merger and acquisition 10 2.3 Classification of merger & acquisition 12 2.4 Global M&A activity levels and Regional trends 14 2.5 The impact of Economic Climate against M&A activities 15 2.6 Rationale for M&A and motivations 17 2.7 The impact of M&A on companies 18 2.8 Benefits & Drawbacks of M&A 19 2.9 Types of strategies for M&A 22 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Research Philosophy 23 3.3 Research Approach 24 3.4 Type of Research 24 3.4.1 Quantitative Research 24 3.4.2 Qualitative Research 25 3.5 Data Collection Method 26 3.5.1 Sampling 27 3.5.2 Data Collection Instruments 27 3.6 Data Analysis 28 3.7 Ethics in Research 28 3.8 Justification 28 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS & ANALYSIS 29 4.1 Findings and Analysis of Primary Research 29 4.2 Findings and Analysis of Secondary Research 31 Chapter 5 Discussion 32 Chapter 6 goal and Recommendations 33 6.1 Conclusion 33 6.2 Recommendations 34 Reference List 36 Appendix 44 Ch apter I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Once upon a time, the subject of merger and acquisition was especially the playing field of experts in the industrial origination. However, following the two upheavals, this territory was lost. The first change took place in the unionise of shift towards diversifying mergers and move away from the traditional combined competing or vertically relating the companies (in the United States less(prenominal) in other industrial countries). The second change occurred in the form of development of event studies (a method of inferring the profitability of mergers ex ante from changes in stock-market values at the time when the transaction is announced) (Caves, 1987, p.150). Hence, from the above discussion it is evident that the concept of merger and acquisition underwent a drastic shift since these two upheavals took place. Earlier studies have shown that merger and acquisition have been responsible for increasing the social welfare, augme nting the value of the assets of the firms problematical into merger or acquisition (Agrawal, Jaffe and Mandelker, 1992 Augustine, 1995). The notion of merger coincided with history long back during the year 1708 (Caves, 1989 Franks, Harris and Titman, 1991 Franks and Harris, 1989). For example, during this plosive consonant the East India Company merged with one of its erstwhile competitors for the principal purpose of restoring its monopoly in the Indian switch environment. In the similar way, the year 1784 experienced the two Italian giant banks Monte Pio and Monte dei Paschi get together to form

Continuation of Design principles 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Continuation of Design principles 3 - Essay ExampleThe detailed architectural forge is used to achieve the train of security in the system, the performance of the system as well as the effectiveness and efficiency (Coulouris, Dooimore, and Kindberg, 2001). There are three (3) forms of the system reckoner architecture include the client based, boniface based and the client- legion architecture. As the proposed system for Electronic Credit Checking and Mortgage Approval is online, therefore, I have elect the client horde architecture. Architecture Design The client-server architecture for the proposed system that presents the client has to place a supplicate to the entanglement server by utilizing the web browser (Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and so forth). The web browser takes the Hypertext transferee Protocol (HTTP) request, Files Transfer Protocol (FTP), data, etc. to the web server of the Mortgage guild the web server would interact with the database server for the r elevant information. The database server would send a SQL query to the database and the database returns the information against the query. The database server would reply to the web server with the information received from the database. The web server would display the information on the web browser of the client. The web finish would be deployed on the web server or application server the database server would accept the database as shown in the following diagram (Kambalyal, n.d). The system architecture that has been used for deploying the web application is 3-tier architecture that provides higher flexibility high security can be implemented at each level of the service, and high performance due to sharing of tasks between servers, moreover, it can be extended (scalable) with the requirements of the Mortgage Company (Kioskea, 2012). Design Notes The client has to use the web browser to access the web application over the internet, in order to provide security the clients requ est has to be passed through the firewall deployed in the computer network. The firewalls not only riddle the outbound traffic (the clients outside of the Mortgage Company) but also filter the inbound traffic (the clients / employees of the lodge) (Vicomsoft, 2012). The servers would process the request of the client and returns the required information in the form of HTML, JavaScript, PHP / ASP.Net etc. The same process would be followed whenever the client requests the information from the servers. USER INTERFACE DESIGN Process In order to design the exploiter interface, I have chosen the first use case (process) the online application for registration with the bank (Mortgage Company). This selected process would be initiated by the client when he / she want to register him / her with the company by providing the requisite information. Upon successful completion of the registration process, an acknowledgement would be issued by the company containing user name and password of the client. The client has to provide information / data, the system / web application would perform the validations to outfit whether the format of the entered data is correct for the respective field. If the format of the

Criticism of the movie '' City of God'' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criticism of the movie City of immortal - Essay ExampleAdditionally, this indian lodge never valued the skilful of others. For instance, despite being bathed in golden lights and amber moods, children were being kicked around like football. Furthermore, the City of God is often expected to flourish in light throughout or all the time. However, it was full of ugliness at some points. The darkness in this film is characterized not only y the frequent blackouts it experiences, just now also by the action of its people.Nonetheless, the film is produced in a captivating style that is appealing to the audience. The storyline is perfect and well formulated. The film portrays the social issues that happened in a society. The society in question is Brazilian society that needed quick interventions. Furthermore, despite the films setting being based in a Brazilian society, its message of rotten vices in was far reaching with some of the crimes being globose concerns. The problems and d amages caused by gang groups have continued to affect many parts of the global society including cities in the United States. It is also worth noting that the film depicted immense creativity particularly in reflecting real life violence in a society. Additionally, the creativity is in the use of slang linguistic communication that makes the film truly local and appealing to its targeted audience. In addition, the music that changes depending on the scenes significantly adds value to the advantage of this film. The director and producer of the film also ensured that the cinematography and writing were also perfectly related. The written book of the film portrayed the vices in the society and the same I well brought in play by the cinema presented by the film.Notably, the first expression in the film is the lack of peace and order in the society. This theme strikes everywhere and it is what leads to criminal activities such as murder, theft and rape. One of

Ruth Bader Ginsburg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ruth Bader Ginsburg - Essay ExampleIt is not affirmable to fully cover Ginsburgs contributions to womens rights in a paper of this limited scope. However, it will highlight her most importatnt work, and deliver how the progression of her legal reasoning has become the cornerstone of todays womens movement. Ruth Bader Ginsburg is one of womens rights foremost advocates, and she has earned a place in history as a woman that has led by example as well as action.Ginsburg immersed herself in womens issues at an beforehand(predicate) point in her professional life, and they became a authentication of her career. Ginsburg was a groundbreaker, and at Harvard Law School she was one of only eight women out of a screen of 500. She transferred to Columbia, where she graduated at the top of her class, though sexual practice discrimination overshadowed her academic achievements.1 Ginsburg joined the faculty at Rutgers, and became only the second female on the schools faculty and among the fi rst 20 women law professors in the demesne.2 She became the first law professor at Harvard, directed the Womens Rights Project at the ACLU, and by 1973 Ginsburg was arguing a Supreme Court case regarding fit benefits for men and women in the armed forces.3 Ginsburg gained the attention of President lever Carter by winning 5 out of 6 Supreme Court cases, and consistently arguing that the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment applied to gender as well as race.4 Carter appointed Ginsburg to the unify States Court of appeals for the District of Columbia, and in 1993 she was confirmed by the Senate in a vote of 96 to 3, befitting the 107th Supreme Court Justice, its second female jurist, and an outspoken advocate for womens rights on the bench.5 Since that date she has been implemental in furthering the cause of gender equality in America.Foundational Legal WorkHer early work with the ACLU on the Womens Rights Project prepared her legal skills for writing the Supreme Court decision on United States v. Virginia. The early 1970s ACLU test cases of Frontiero v. Richardson and Weinberger v. Weisenfeld were argued by Ginsburg and built a body of precedent that swept away gender stereotyping once and for all.6 Ginsburg had a strategy of promoting equality, without regards to the gender of the injured victim. In Frontiero v. Richardson, Ginsburg argued that a man could be a legal dependent of a female Air Force officer, which made the woman pensionable for dependent benefits. Weinberger v. Weisenfeld argued that a male was as equally entitled as a female to neighborly

Behavioural effects of alcoholism in young people Essay

Behavioural effects of drink in young people - Essay Exampleion of cloudburst bev date of referencegeism on modern medicine, boozing throw out be triggered by the intake of alcohol and the resulting ailment can be affected by sev successionl(predicate) factors such as the quantity of the alcohol taken, the frequency of alcohol consumption, the capacity or tolerance in terms of intake. These factors differ for each person. In addition, although the biological mechanism underpinning alcoholism are uncertain, some suggested risk factors include social environment, stress, emotional health, genetic predisposition, age and grammatical gender (Goodwin, 2000).The objectives of the study then is to present background information on the problem of alcoholism by presenting the root and memoir of the beverage, the main causes of alcoholism and ultimately the effects of alcoholism to young members of the population.There are different perspectives involved in the issue of alcoholism. One is the chemical composition of the alcohol, although it cannot be considered the main reason for having alcoholism since the ailment is mainly based on behaviour of the person. Although this is the case it is important to determine the composition of the alcoholic beverages.The development of alcoholic beverages in different parts of the world such as the ancient era represented by Babylon in 2,700 BC, China in 7000 BC, India between 3000 and 2000 BC, and Greece in 1700 BC and the modern era represented by the Pre-Columbian America and Early Modern Europe. After the continuous significant decide of alcoholic beverages in the social and cultural aspect, incidence of alcoholism increased (InterAlcohol.co.uk, 2010c).One of the points that are necessary to be considered is the alcohol and its cultural and historical role in the English region specifically. Through the history of Britain and other European countries, the role of alcoholic beverages is recognized. In the 18th century, England was renowned for having the Gin and Debauchery which is a mayor producer of alcoholic beverages.

3 Iron korean movie summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3 Iron korean movie digest - Essay ExampleOne day, Tae-suk sneaked into a signaling which had numerous photos of a beautiful model, adorning its w each(prenominal)s. In the erect he eats, then washes up and does some repairs. During this process Tae-Suk realizes that, he is being watched by the owner of the post who is a woman. The woman is Sun-hwa (Lee Seung-yeaon), and Tae-suk quickly recognizes that she is the model appearing in the photos adorning the walls of the house. With a closer look, Tae-suk realizes that Sun-hwa is badly bruised and suspects that it is all as a result of domestic violence.Tae-suks suspicions are confirmed when he returns home after that evening and finds Sun-hwa being slapped around by her husband Min-Kyo (GweonHyeok-ho). This makes Tae-suk angry as he impulsively bursts into the house and grabs a golf-club, and then uses it to beat up Min-kyo. Moments later Tae-suk elopes with Sun-hwa as they ride on his scooter. Sun-hwa silently joins in him in his existence as squatter which eventually blossoms into a love

Strategic Audit of Mohawk Industries Assignment

Strategic Audit of Mohawk Industries - Assignment ExampleAccording to SEC roll 10-K of the company, the Mohawk incision or subsidiary designs, manufactures, sources distri alonees, and markets its floor covering product lines, which include carpets, ceramic tile, laminate, rugs, carpet pad, hardwood and resilient. Brands under the segment include Mohawk, Aladdin, MohawColorCenter, Floorscapes, Portico, Mohawk Home, Bigelow, Durkan, Horizon, Karastan, Lee and Merit.The Dal-Tile segment designs, manufactures, sources, distributes and markets a broad line of ceramic tile, porcelain tile products. Primary brands under the Dal-Tile segment include Dal-Tile and American Olean. According to the SEC Form 10-K, the Dal-Tile segment is vertically integrated from the production of raw materials for body and glaze preparation to the manufacturing and distribution of ceramic and porcelain tile. ground on Form 10-K, the Unilin segment designs, manufactures, sources, licenses and markets a broad line of ceramic tile, porcelain tile, natural stone and separate products. The Unilin segment is one of the largest vertically-integrated laminate flooring manufacturing in the U.S. producing laminate flooring and related high-density fiberboard and also produces roofing systems, disengagement panels and other wood products.Thus, the Mohawk segment concentrates on carpets, rugs, and floor covers in general, the Dal-Tile segment focuses on the ceramic and porcelain floor covers and tiles business, and the Unilin segment focuses on laminate covering and expansion of the company to other types of house or building-related businesses but usually wood or wood-related or fiberboards. Mohawk Industries describes herself to be in the leading market positions in carpets, ceramic, laminate, rugs and mats, stone flooring and countertops, and wood products. Data available appear to support her claims.As the leading soaked in the market, Mohawks financial data (shown in Annexes 1 to 9 of thi s work) is indicative of the efforts long-term profitability.

Criminal Justice System College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

lamentable Justice System College - Essay ExampleIndeed, as early as mid-1990s criminal justice constituents such as rectitude firms, independent impartialityyers, national agencies and right enforcement personnel have had an eye on emerging potentials of Internet and computer not only as tools for cost effectiveness and performance enhancement but also as tools for wider community awareness and purpose making. A 1997 keynote speech by Jeremy Travis - Director of National Institute of Justice Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - for example, has addressed, among other issues, IT question as of deep impact on criminal justice and law enforcement practices (Technology in Criminal Justice). Specifi blazon outy,With the click of a mouse, we can enter the libraries of the research institutions of the world, remember a document in foreign language, have it translated into English, and print it in our home. Police officers responding to a 911 call can access the crime history of a p articular location online, check the background of a particular suspect using fingerprints, fill out what we used to call paperwork in the squad automobile by using ahand-sized computer, and return to patrol. ... Probation officers can track the movements of probationers using electronic monitoring devices victims of municipal violence or stalking can be alerted when monitored individuals get within a specified figure community groups can access computerized crime maps to understand the patterns of crime and disorder in their neighborhoods investigators can right away scan hundreds of databases to learn about the most intimate details of people under investigation. (Travis) This is apt ultimately, consort to Travis, to spread knowledge and awareness about crime and justice within and between constituents. Interestingly, new breeds of law firms have been emerging specifically offering advice on retrieval of electronic legal data as well as training for law enforcement personnel on managing electronic resources. According to one situation - Michael Arkfeld - on electronic document retention, discovery, production and admissibility of electronic information, Arizona has been a leading state in providing Internet access to justice system data, forms and legal tools to citizens and practitioners free of charge. Moreover, State Bar of Arizona has provided to the full searchable ethics opinions as of 1985 online as well as an online facility for clients to locate lawyers by last or first name, firm/organization, practice area, area of specialization, section membership, language spoken, city, or state. Arkfeld suggests a range of ideas for a more effective crime and justice system such as settlement and pretrial conferences on-line, ordinance court documents over Internet, electronic filing, actual court documents searchable on-line, witness appearances via Internet, e-mail DATA MANAGEMENT ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 5notification of court orders, jury

Marketing Specialist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

market Specialist - Research Paper ExampleThey assist in measuring topical strategies aimed at understanding the best ways to market products and make money for the given company (Goldstein & Lee, 213).Marketing specialists is also known as research analysts. They should monitor what is sold across the country, help in analyzing demographic data, analyzing buying and shopping habits, looking at a relevant competition in the field and their pricing, creating and administering surveys, questionnaires and new(prenominal) information gathered, assist in measuring and evaluating current strategies and other responsibilities. All this is done all in an effort to help in understanding the best ways of trade products and make the company a lot of money.As a marketing professional, I am tasked with the responsibility of examining and analyzing the promotional and marketing potential of an individual entity. It is also the role of a marketing specialist to design and create marketing and promotional tools. These tools enable an organization to make efforts into the target market. Marketing specialists play many roles among them overseeing and implementation of crucial areas of the marketing plan, which is always designed for a specific firm for establishment (George, Kress, Taryn &John Snyder 72).As an entry-level specialist, one mustiness(prenominal) possess a bachelors degree in marketing, advertising or communication. In most(prenominal) cases, most employers look for graduates with experience in marketing or advertising firms but as a fresh graduate, I will have to expose my skills and attributes to secure an entry-level position aimed at growing my course as a professional marketer as well as serving the interests of the employer. For an entry-level position, one must demonstrate the skill and ability to market, promote and advertise efficiently and effectively the sectors given such as

Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report Essay Example for Free

Global Money Transfer (Remittances) mart Report EssayFor more details on the content of publish and ordering information gratify visithttp//www.aarkstore.com/reports/Global-Money-Transfer-Remittances-Market-Report-2012-Edition-70275.htmlRemittances are an consequential line of descent of income for households, particularly in developing countries. Remittances are gaining importance in the economic planning of all major developing economies of the world. With globalization and growing socio-political activities, more and more batch from underdeveloped or developing economies are working outside the countries of their origin. Remittances are being considered as an principal(prenominal) financial resource for development as well as a social change by financial planners in developing economies. The worldwide inflow and outflow of remittances is rising constantly since past several(prenominal) years with the exception of 2009, which was characterized by global economic slowdown .The developing nations which take both low-income and middle income countries accounting for the majority of the global remittance inflow with majority contribution from India, China, Mexico and Philippines, due to their large emigrant population. The largest source of remittance flow to developing regions is high income countries including the US and occidental Europe, with the GCC countries fast developing as an important source.The companies operating in the global remittance market are faced with strong competition with fewer large competitors and numerous small and niche competitors. The leading money transfer organization like Western Union, Money Gram, Euronet, and other freelance players compete on the basis of technology, price and quality of service offered to remitters.The report analyzes the global remittances market with focus on India, China, Mexico and Philippines. The key trends observed within the market include qualify regularize, fluctuating remittance cos t, regional employment or unemployment affecting remittances, number of RSPs and cost variation crossways India and China and dominance of cash prices over the remittance market. The global remittance market faces several challenges which include the taxes which are imposed by the government on remittances and numerous legal and regulatory hurdles. The major factors which go out contribute in the growth of the industry include growing international migration, rising employment rate and global economic growth.By combining SPSS Inc.s data integration and analysis capabilities with our relevant findings, we train predicted the future growth of the industry. We employed various significant variables that have an impact on this industry and created relapse models with SPSS Base to determine the future direction of the industry. Before deploying the regression model, the relationship between several independent or predictor variables and the dependent variable was analyzed using stand ard SPSS output, including charts, tables and tests.

Women Essay Example for Free

Women proveIn the persuasive paper, the issue of abortion through a Feminist stead and ethical genus Lens will be looked into. Much controversy surrounds the issue but looking at feminist theory, more(prenominal) specifically, radical feminist theory, the decision for a woman to abort should be available if needed. Not but that, but the decision should be left up to the pregnant woman and the pregnant woman only, as this is seen as a form of escaping male dominance in society. The main arguments that will be utilise within the paper are most importantly the feminist perspective of abortion, a feminist perspective of a womans control over her sexuality and how this relates to abortion, birth control, and lastly the reasoning shtup why women may choose to abort. The writing style the persuasive paper will follow is APA style, and the quest are a list of scholarly reference books that will be used1.Himmelweit, S. (1980). Abortion Individual excerption and social control. Feminist Review, 5(1), 65-68. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1980.13 is one of the sources that will be used in the persuasive paper. The journal informs and a report on original research, as well as it provides an analysis of issues specific to the discipline. These ii reasons demonstrate a purpose of publication which clearly indicates that this is indeed a scholarly source.2. Zampas, C., Gher, J. M. (2008). Abortion as a human rightinternational and regional standards. Oxford Journals, 8(2), 269-294. doi 10.1093/hrlr/ngn008 is another source chosen to be used within the paper. Frequency of publication is often a good indication that a source is in fact scholarly. Often quarterly is a good forewarning of a scholarly source, which Oxford Journals is probable for.3. Bridgeman, J. (2011). Wise women in community building on everyday radical feminism for social change. Interface, 3(2), 288-293. Retrieved from http//www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Inte rfac

Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay Example for Free

Thoreau and Martin Luther baron, Jr. bear witness. Drawing on Thoreau and Martin Luther major power, Jr., defend or attack the practice of complaisant Disobedience in a democratic society such(prenominal) as ours. well-behaved disobedience is not besides a critical tool that the masses use to express their grievances against an foul presidential term, but it is a necessity for the social health of any society. Citizens can only reward a country worthy of respect, with or without rule of practice of law dictating behavior. The rule of law may retain enjoin, but may also be seen as unjust or unnecessary by those are forced to submit to it. Since Thoreaus treatise on comfortably-behaved disobedience, passive protest has been used by much movements such as the courteous correctlys movement to affect change, and must continued to be employed as a tool to ensure that people retain the magnate over the government.Civil disobedience has been a successful tool in in itiating change in many countries, including the unify States. Civil disobedience is generally comprised of a majority group that represents the example of those who are adversely affected by injustice and is mostly nonviolent, usually in the form of protesting. Henry David Thoreau discusses the subject of cultivated disobedience when talking of his own efforts to make a nonviolent protest All men select the right of revolution that is, the right to refuse homage to and to resist the government, when its tyranny or its inefficiency are gigantic and unendurable (Thoreau).When a government or ruler fails to treat all citizens equally, citizens must mobilize to voice grievances when they decide that the governmental system is not ideal. Analysis of the history of polished disobedience reveals that leaders of such movements have ever and a day advocated against violence, preferring peaceful measures as a main weapon. Peaceful weapons have been proven much effective in changing the systems and achieving national and individual freedom. Civil disobedience utilizes a system of protests, from boycotts to strikes, that always seek to remain truthful to non-violent ideals. The ultimate goal of well-behaved disobedience is to initiate systemic change.Civil disobedience is driven by a indigence of correcting the wrongs and demand for equality and justice. Unlike other movements, the motive of civil disobedience is not to dictate or oppress others. It is a system of protest, driven more by intelligence than force. The question of attacking or killing has no place in civil disobedience, which aims at willingly and peacefully breaking the law. As a civil disobedience movement gathers momentum, the government it is impertinent to is bound to be crippled and ruptured, and ultimately changed by the movement. During the twentieth century, this was used successfully in India to liberate the country from colonial rule.Indian spiritual and political leader Mahatma Gan dhi believed in Satyagraha, the philosophy of non-violent resistance. He used it to drive the most stringy empire in the world out of his country, achieving independence and proving to the take a breath of the colonial world that peaceful resistance could initiate change. Gandhi passionately advocated nonviolence and peaceful protesting, and provided guidelines on civil disobedience. Some of Gandhis guidelines included that resisters would harbor no anger, or suffer the anger of the opp unmatchednt, putting up with assaults, though never retaliating.Civil resisters would not submit, out of fear of punishment or the like, to any order given in anger, and they would also accept arrest, the loss of property, and adherence to all other laws as order by authorities. However, if a civil resister has any property in is possession as a trustee, he will refuse to surrender it, regular though in defending it he top executive lose his life. He will however, never retaliate, insult his opp onent, nor submit to the pomp and circumstance accompanying allegiance to the government being opposed.And, as part of Gandhis guidelines, a civil resister will even protect opposing authorities from any violence that might be perpetrated upon them (Gandhi). With Gandhis guidelines for civil disobedience, one can clearly see that rule of law is a careful consideration to those wishing to peacefully affect change. Only decades after Gandhis successful campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience against the British, in the United States, Martin Luther King inspired millions of African Americans to employ civil disobedience to achieve equal rights.Martin Luther King adhered to Gandhis guidelines for civil disobedience to protest segregation and helped ensure equal rights for African Americans in the process. King espoused his philosophy on civil disobedience in a letter he wrote sitting in a Birmingham jail. The religious leaders who opposed the peaceful demonstrations in Birmingham rep resenting various denominations united in reflection stated their belief that protestors should not break local laws while demonstrating for their cause.Dr. King replied to this charge with a powerful question about justice One may well ask, How can you advocate breaking close to laws and obeying others? The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws just and unjust. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. He supports this in later paragraphs by suggesting that the Constitution represents a just law that has been unevenly applied, allowing the unjust laws of segregation to remain in force and leaving a blot on the absolute fairness of our founding principles.Written from jail after King was arrested for practicing civil disobedience, a Letter from Birmingham espoused his views on rule of law that enabled social injustice and how it must be opposedIn any non violent camp aign there are four basic steps charm of facts to determine whether injustices dwell, negotiation, self-purification and direct action. We have gone through all these steps Birmingham. There can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is perhaps the most thoroughly segregated cities in the United States.Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in courts. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than any other city in the nation. These are hard brutal facts of the case. On the basis of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers, but the latter consistently refused to engage in good-faith negotiation (King).To King and other civil resisters, it is the right of every individual to fight for justice and equality by the virtue of his very birth, putting it forever opposed to any rule of law considered unjust. And, as D r. Kings bedrock principle was nonviolent social change, he and his followers were beaten, blasted with fire-hoses, and jailed without ever striking a retaliatory blow. Their willingness to suffer the consequences of their actions showed an admirable respect for the rule of law in America. The letter states, One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty.I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in naive realism expressing the exaltedest respect for law (King). By paying the price for civil disobedience, the Birmingham protestors were able to take the moral high ground from those who hid behind the strict interpretation of the law. While Dr. King is sure to warn against anarchical views of his relation to disobey laws, his argument against following unjust laws is sound and easy to understand.Injustice and inequality can exist under rule of law, and civil disobedience is the best non-violent way to oppose the responsible government. While breaking any law is technically outside the rule of law, civil disobedience cannot be considered consistent with true unlawfulness. Lawmakers are not always sane, equal, or fair, and often prone to error in framing laws, and civil disobedience is the best way to use the law by breaking it.While civil disobedience is not consistent with the rules of law, injustice and inequality seems to continued unabated, and the natural right of an individual is to oppose such laws. Civil disobedience will remain an effective method of opposing rule of law considered unjust, though determining justice may prove to be the most difficult part of the process, as well as the most important.Works citedGandhi, Mahatma. Nonviolent Resistance. 1961.King, Martin Luther. Letter from a Birmingham Jail King Jr.. African Studies Ce nter University of Pennsylvania. 16 Apr 1963. 25 Apr 2008. http//www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html.Thoreau, Henry D. Henry David Thoreaus Resistance to Civil Government (1849) or, On theDuty of Civil Disobedience. The Transcendentalists. 2008. 25 Apr 2008 http//www.transcendentalists.com/civil_disobedience.htm.

Death of a Salesman †Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller analyseThe original title for Millers play was The Inside of His Head. How does Millers workout of set, lighting and stage direction help us to understand this idea?Arthur Miller wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949. This date is the period after the Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression and this is significant, as one of Millers aims in writing this play was that it would be a tragedy that American workers could relate to. The central themes and issues in the play are consumerism and exploitation Miller wanted to write a play that was critical of capitalism and that would expose the falseness of the American dreaming. The original title reflects one of the underlying themes in the play the central characters struggle to grasp the distinction between put-on and reality and the past and the present often Willy Lomans thoughts and views do not comply with those of the majority of the rest cast. Miller uses symbolism, set, lighting and sta ge direction to help us to understand what is happening inside Willys head.One of the several(prenominal) symbols that give us an insight into Willys thoughts is the athletic trophy. It is placed on a shelf in the sitting room where it can be clearly seen this demonstrates how important it is to the family. This importance and so in turn shows that winning and competition are key ideas here and that this part of the American Dream is important to Willy and he prizes the achievements his son made as they show him as being superior to different people, which is what Willy is always striving to achieve, particularly in regards to Charly.In the same mise en eyeshot is the use of the melody of the flute. It reflects Willys fathers success as an entrepreneur (making wooden flutes), something Willy is always striving to achieve, and also the sloshed influence this has on his son. Also, the actual melody that is being played tell(s) of grass and trees and the horizon, and reminds us of the spartan difference between the life Willy lived as a young child (with the father who he idolises) and the piazza he is in at once in an overcrowded area of New York, functional for someone else (i.e., not working on his own terms, like his father) on commission.Another of the important symbols in the play is the lighting at the end of Act One. Just as Willy is talking about how great Biff was when he was younger, on another part of the set Biff walks into a golden pool of light, which is reflecting the praise Willy is giving him, the gold symbolising the initial power and success that he had. Also, just after this the light fades on Willy, representing the particular that his career, his influence on his children and possibly his life are drawing to a close.A further precedent of Millers symbolism in this play and his manipulation of non-naturalistic elements is in Act Two, the restaurant scene, with alter use of both lighting and music. The first of these symbols is th e use of the single trumpet note used in conjunction with the light of green leaves. This initiates the start of Willys mind thinking back to an event several years ago, the green of the leaves symbolising the time when the house was not surrounded by high leap out flats, noise and pollution. Miller also says that the light holds the air of a dream, which is insinuating that at this point in time Willys dreams for himself and his children had not yet been ruined. This is upheld by the naturalistic state of his living environment.Throughout the scene the light continues to fluctuate and highlight different places and times. Another important part in this restaurant scene I when the music changes dramatically to accompany the presence of The Woman in Willys mind. The music is now raw and sensuous highlighting one major part of Willys life, at this point in time, that does not fit into the same mould as the rest of his life he is a family man, confirmative of his children and strivin g to achieve new heights for his family, but now he is doing the very opposite of this by cheating on his wife, and so the music does not reflect any of the other, often light and lighthearted melodies played on the flute. Up until Biff discovers his father with The Woman, no one else is aware of her part in Willys life, so even at this early stage, Willy will have thoughts inside his head which do not relate to those of an of the other central characters.

Once Upon A Family Essay Example for Free

Once Upon A Family EssayIn the book (Daley, 2007) Once Upon A Family by author Margaret Daley, we read about a character by the name of Sean Williams who is helped by his principal at Cimarron High, where he attends school, by the name of dig Stone. Laura Williams was extremely nervous as she stands before the gritty school principal, who is tall, dark and handsome, as she worries so much for her oldest child who had always been a good student. Peter Stone explains that Sean wasnt willing to talk very much about the fight that he took demote in and wonders if the new move had anything to do with this sudden change in Seans behavior. Peter takes a special interest in Seans mother and realizes that he can help her, her family and himself in conclusion completeness in their lives. Peter Stone lives on a beautiful ranch and is a religious troops who learns not only to care for Sean, but also for his mother Laura and Seans siblings. The Williams family attend Peters church many t imes and learn that idol has special intentions for their lives and also that all problems can be solved through prayer.Laura Williams is a good hearted, self-sacrificing widow, while Peter Stone worked at his profession at the high school where he could make a difference in the lives of the young and be church, faithfully to ful film his religious needs, but he still needed the Williams family in his life to fill an empty void and just as desperately as they needed him. We learn from this book that God has a special way of bringing people together and he always knows exactly what we need.

MEMO Example Essay Example for Free

MEMO Example EssayCompevery list Idea, Inc.Date February 19, 2014From xxxXXXXTo MXXXX, IT managerYour absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues slightly why college breeding has been on the modernize for the retiring(a) 40 years. present is a drawing overview on the topics covered.Lack of country financial supportOver the quondam(prenominal) fewer decades domain funding has non kept up with the rise of stinting puffiness. The average inflation appreciate for college training is nearly ikon the economies. distinguish funding has appeared to live less(prenominal) over the years. Does to a greater extent specie fit to a bring out CollegeStudents leave typically go to much expensive colleges expecting a high academic degree of education. University of mama Lowell and north east University both claim the uniform high educational criteria with their task Schools AACSB certified. aptitude be vs. administrative CostsThe rise in adm inistrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs wear stayed neutral. administrative Employees of the schools extend to make more cash than faculty.ResponseIf you need any comments or questions beguile tactual sensation gratuitous to contact me by band during your regular disdain hours, or anytime through email.XXX XXXXXUniversity Of Massachusetts Lowelle-mail emailprotectedPhone (XXX)XXX_XXXX familiarity Name Idea, Inc.Date February 19, 2014From XXXXXXXTo MXXXX, IT DirectorYour absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered.Lack of State FundingOver the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. State funding has appeared to become less over the years.Does More Money Equal to a Better CollegeStudents will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified.Faculty Costs vs. Administrative CostsThe rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty.ResponseIf you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email.XXX XXXXXUniversity Of Massachusetts LowellEmail emailprotectedPhone (XXX)XXX_XXXXCompany Name Idea, Inc.Date February 19, 2014From XXXXXXXTo MXXXX, IT DirectorYour absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered.Lack of State FundingOver the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. State funding has appeared to become less over the years.Does More Money Equal to a Better CollegeStudents will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified.Faculty Costs vs. Administrative CostsThe rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. Administrative Employees of the schools tend to makemore money than faculty.ResponseIf you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email.XXX XXXXXUniversity Of Massachusetts LowellEmail emailprotectedPhone (XXX)XXX_XXXXCompany Name Idea, Inc.Date February 19, 2014From XXXXXXXTo MXXXX, IT DirectorYour absence at t he meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered.Lack of State FundingOver the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. State funding has appeared to become less over the years.Does More Money Equal to a Better CollegeStudents will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified.Faculty Costs vs. Administrative CostsThe rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty.ResponseIf you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by ph one during your regular business hours, or anytime through email.XXX XXXXXUniversity Of Massachusetts LowellEmail emailprotectedPhone (XXX)XXX_XXXXCompany Name Idea, Inc.Date February 19, 2014From XXXXXXXTo MXXXX, IT DirectorYour absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered.Lack of State FundingOver the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. State funding has appeared to become less over the years.Does More Money Equal to a Better CollegeStudents will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higherdegree of education. University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified.Faculty Costs vs. Administrative CostsThe rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty.ResponseIf you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email.XXX XXXXXUniversity Of Massachusetts LowellEmail emailprotectedPhone (XXX)XXX_XXXXCompany Name Idea, Inc.Date February 19, 2014From XXXXXXXTo MXXXX, IT DirectorYour absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered.Lack of State FundingOver the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. State funding has appeared to become less over the years.Does More Money Equal to a Better CollegeStudents will typically go to more expensive colleges e xpecting a higher degree of education. University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified.Faculty Costs vs. Administrative CostsThe rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty.ResponseIf you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email.XXX XXXXXUniversity Of Massachusetts LowellEmail emailprotectedPhone (XXX)XXX_XXXXCompany Name Idea, Inc.Date February 19, 2014From XXXXXXXTo MXXXX, IT DirectorYour absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered.Lack of State FundingOver the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic i nflation. The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. State funding has appeared to become less over the years.Does More Money Equal to a Better CollegeStudents will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified.Faculty Costs vs. Administrative CostsThe rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty.ResponseIf you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email.XXX XXXXXUniversity Of Massachusetts LowellEmail emailprotectedPhone (XXX)XXX_XXXX

Intentional Torts, Negligence, Nuisance Essay Example for Free

Intentional Torts, Negligence, Nuisance essayA civil wrong is a legal stigma resulting from a violation of a legal a veracious which arises independent of cut off and for which restitution may be had in a civil exertion for prices. Gener everyy, in that respect ar three engagings of civil wrongs. They are first, those which are based on fault or failure second, intended torts and tertiary, those where the element of negligence or captive does not enter as an essential element. The first kind refers to the fault or negligence of a individual who, by his act or omission, causes damage to an other(a), to whom he is not bound by all contractual relation. In some civil law jurisdictions, this tort is popularly known as quasi-delict which is of French origin comprehending a common law concept of negligence. In achieves based on quasi-delicts, to recover damages, an injured party essential exhibit the fault or negligence of the defendant, the damage suffered and t he relation of cause and effect between the defendants negligence and the damage or injury he has suffered.The immediate cause which produces the injury must not be intermitted by any intervening cause. In cases where both parties are negligent and proximate cause cannot be directly attributed to each party, the humanitarian doctrine provides that the party who had the last chance to avoid the accident but did not do so, shall be held accountable for the consequences of the act.Intentional torts are acts causing injury to soulfulnesss or property committed with intent to cause damage to another. This is covered chthonian provisions on human relations. An example of this type is exceed to land, whether such(prenominal) violation of property right causes improvement or damage to the land. This is an actual invasion to other somebodys possession without go for.A good example of the third kind is nuisance. This is sometimes classified as intentional tort. Nuisance is any act, omis sion, establishment, business, condition of property or anything else which injures or endangers the health or safety of others or annoys or offends the senses or shocks, defies or disregards decency or morality or obstructs or interferes with the idle passage of any mankind highway or street, or any body of water or hinders or impairs the use of property.As to injurious effects, nuisance may be classified as public nuisance or private nuisance. A public nuisance affects a community or neck of the woods or any considerable number of individuals, while a private nuisance affects completely a someone or small number of persons. The remedies against nuisance are abatement brought by an agency of the political sympathies and damage suit or relief by injunction by private individuals whose enjoyment of a right has been impaired.In tort cases, the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor is applied. The doctrine requires that the accident must be of a kind that does not ordinarily happen with out defendants negligence. It affords reasonable evidence, in the absence of news report by the defendant that the accident arose from want of care. The accident must have been ca utilise by an agency or instrumentality deep down the exclusive control of the defendant and not due to any voluntary body process or contribution on the part of the plaintiff.Strict Liability and Product Liability Strict liability in tort is a concept where the plaintiff need not prove the negligence of the defendant in order to recover damages caused by defective increases. . Consensual contract is not unavoidable to prove liability of the defendant. Strict liability is enforced against the manufacturers who are responsible for committing the products in the market. Liability rests on the protection of the consumers with the aim of securing that the costs of victimizes brought about by defective products are donned by the manufacturers.In product liability case, the burden of proof is shifted from the plaintiff to the defendant. The plaintiff must only prove that he suffered injuries by the defective product and that utter defect already exists at the time the goods departed from the manufacturer or retailer as distinguished from recovery due to negligence, where the plaintiff has yet to prove that the defect was caused by defendants failure to act with prudence.Strict liability applies only where there is physical harm or damage to other property. economicalal loss such as consequential loss of income or cost of repair/replacement brought by defective product is recoverable under the Uniform commercialized Code. If a product exists different from what is intended by the manufacturer or differs from the same manufacturers product, it is said to be defective. only, the manufacturer is not liable if the injury is caused by unanticipated use or misuse of the product.Wrongful Death and Survival Tort Action When through negligence a person is kil take, illicit death happen s. Damages may be recovered by the decedents survivors or beneficiaries. Survivors need not prove the exact amount of damages which fall under two classes economic damages and n superstarconomic damages. Economic damages include funeral and burial expenses. If the survivors are receiving financial support, it has to be included, computed based on the life expectancy of the decedent.The value of household services that could have been provided by the decedent to his beneficiaries had he survived shall likewise form part of the economic damages. In addition, gifts and other benefits the decedent could have contributed to the survivors shall withal be included. Economic benefits shall be debased to current value. In deciding for the noneconomic benefits which includes loss and sufferings, no fixed standard exists. In survival action for tort, it is the e enounce of the decedent that can championship for lost earnings, punitive damages and health check expenses incurred by the dec eased sooner to his death. It means that, it is the successor-in-interest that has the right to file such postulate, subject to testate or intestate proceedings under a probate court.Both wrongful death and survival tort action are subject to prescriptive periods under the Statute of Limitations. Wrongful death has to be claimed within two years from the death of the decedent. In survival action, the time limit for the action commences from the date the claim actually passed to the deceased. In deciding these cases, the scale of justice is slightly tilted in favor of the plaintiff where only clear and convincing evidence is required.Immunity, Release and Contribution, Indemnity State political subdivisions such as hospitals enjoy immunity from suits for negligence or intentional torts under state law. However, under federal pre-emption law, they may be sued under the EMTALA or Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act. Regarding state immunity statute, where a conflict ari ses between state law and federal law, state law must yield under the supremacy clause of the U.S. Constitution. at a lower place the Communications Decency Act of l996, providers or users of interactive calculator service are entitled to immunity. Legislators also enjoy immunity from suit while in congress in the exercise of their legislative functions.In personal injury suits, there are cases where there are two or more tort-feasors who are jointly and severally liable for the injury caused to the plaintiff. Joint tort-feasors are entitled to right of contribution and pro-rata share of the money judgment provided the common liability for damages has been satisfy in full. The right to contribution is granted only to a tort-feasor who has not willfully caused the injury. honorarium by one of the whole liability extinguishes the others and entitles one to recover contributions from the other tort-feasors. However release of one by the injured party does not necessarily release th e other tort-feasors unless provided for in the release, but the claim shall be reduced proportionate to the amount in the release. The party to whom release is granted is exculpated from all liability for contribution to the other co defendants.The proportional degree of fault or negligence of the tort-feasors shall line up their pro-rata share in the liability. However, this issue of proportionate fault should have been litigated and decided in the same action for damages by way of cross-complaint. In case a defendant has paid the whole duty or more than his share in the claim he is entitled to indemnity by register a cross-claim against a co party. Where a tort-feasor is entitled to indemnity, the right is for indemnity and not for contribution.Workers Compensation, No-Fault political machine Insurance Workers compensation is an option to the tort system. Firms self-insure or purchase thespians compensation insurance as mandated by the state law for the benefit of the workers who sometimes are injured in the performance of their duties. The insurer pays the worker medical expenses and average wage while under recovery. The only requirement to avail of this benefit is that the injury must be work-related. It does not matter whether there is negligence on the part of the employee or employer. Under this alternative, there is guaranteed income, and because of this, the employee waives his right to sue his employer for work-related injuries sustained. The problems of long and costly court cases to narrow down who is at fault led to the enactment of the no-fault auto insurance laws that provide for the payment of policy holders irrespective of fault and also limits the right to sue. This is known as personal injury protection or PIP first party coverage. This is also an alternative to the tort system. Motorists are allowed to sue only under certain thresholds involving grimness of injury. The law intends to reduce vehicular accidents cases clogging the cour ts, limiting payment for losses and restricting recovery for non-economic damages thus, reducing premiums on auto insurance.Defamation, Injurious Falsehood, Invasion of PrivacyDefamation is one of the dignitary torts which refers to the issuing or issue of a false statement to a third party about another person, resulting to another persons injured reputation which entitles him to damages. Defamation in print is called libel. Oral or spoken denigration is slander. To have ones reputation remain untarnished is one of the rights of a person under the civil law system.The burden of proof lies with the defendant to prove his innocence. The plaintiff does not need to prove intent to besmirch his reputation and the actual damage suffered. However, the requirement to prove damage is not solely abstracted in all slander cases. The Ontario Libel and Slander Act of Canada still requires proof of damage in cases where the damaged reputation of the plaintiff resulted to loss of business cont ract. The tort of injurious falsehood or slander of goods applies where a persons goods are discredited resulting to economic loss, usually made by dissatisfied customers or dismissed employees. Monetary loss must to be proved to obtain recovery for damages. The elements for this tort are a statement about the goods that there is falsity in the statement which was produce maliciously and that the plaintiff suffered damages. To establish slander of goods, the statement must cause a reasonable person to believe that the statement is true. The defendant need not mention the product or name of the plaintiff to be liable. It is enough that an implication be drawn by the public that the defendants derogatory statement refers to the goods in issue where for example there is only but two products of same mannikin in the industry. Invasion of privacy is another form of dignitary tort. This is a right also protected by the Constitution under the Fourth Amendment, for a person to be left a lone by himself free from interference or abuses of the government. This includes the right to property against unreasonable search and seizure. Invasion of property by private individuals is dealt with under private tort law. Four categories are set forth under this tort. one and only(a) is intrusion of solitude which arises when a person presents or displays another to unjustifiable promotional material or publicity.Another category is public disclosure which is revealing of private information though conforming to righteousness is appalling to a sensible person. The third category is false light which places another person before the public in a false light through magic trick of a persons character, beliefs and activities and the last of the categories is appropriation which involves using the persons identity or visual representation without his consent for the benefit of another person. Invasion of privacy entitles an injured person to compensatory damages and punitive just ice.Misrepresentation whatever averment or expression conducted in any manner that is not in accord with facts is misrepresentation. It is a civil wrong and creates civil liability if monetary loss ensues. A person making misrepresentation to be held liable, the misrepresentation must be relied upon by the recipient or taker of the falsified statement and the maker knew of such fact. Misrepresentation creates liability whether committed intentionally or unintentionally.In a contract, misrepresentation bestows a person a valid ground for the rescission of contract. An insurance policy contract may be cancelled due to material misrepresentation made by the insured or the insurer may baulk a claim. An opinion that is not a true statement is not a misrepresentation of fact. However a promise which the maker has no intention of carrying out that induces another person to enter into an bargain is an actionable tort.Interference with Economic Relations Interference with economic relati ons is an economic tort the take aim of which is to protect people from intervention with their commercial or business relations thus maintaining contractual stability. It has been held in a number of cases that an accomplice or main courseory to breach an existing contract is liable for economic loss sustained by a party to the contract.In an action for interference with economic relations, it is essential that the plaintiff must prove the existence of a contractual relation between him and a third party that the defendant has knowledge of such contractual relation and that defendant intentionally, with malice did disturbed said contractual relation. Damage must be proved, but it is presumed when it is a direct consequence of the disturbance and ultimately the breach of contract.Interference may include also inducement or persuasion to a person not to continue with a prospective business relation or preventing a party not to enter such a relation. Interference with a pre-contract ual business relation is however considered lawful unless wrongful means are employed. Several factors have to be looked into in deciding impropriety of the means used to interfere. One of these is the motive of the party interfering. Another consideration is the interest of the parties involved in the unlawful interference. To determine whether interference is proper, industrial ethics and practices are substantively necessary.The interference or economic tort does not only protect contractual interest but also ethical and legal interest thus upholding contract as a legal instrument in promoting trade and competition.Unjustifiable judicial proceeding Unjustifiable Litigation also commonly known as malicious quest, an intentional tort has been securely instituted in law. An action for malicious pursuit is a remedy for recovery used by victims injured by light judicial proceedings. The underlying principle of this tort is an effort to equalize conflicting interests. Plaintiffs hav e the right to access to courts without concern of inculpation.Public policy requires that defendants interest be also protected against unworthy litigations through this remediation. Sometimes people, prompted with malice come to court even without probable cause only to chivvy other people. In a cause of action for malicious prosecution, the plaintiff must establish that the earlier action was filed at the behest of the defendant and that it was terminated in his (plaintiff) favor that it was initiated without probable cause and was brought with malice.However, malicious prosecution cases filed on the basis of absence of probable cause usually do not lie or prosper because it is for the court to determine the existence of probable cause as it is a legal question. effective authorities said that malicious prosecution deters claimants to institute criminal proceedings for fear of facing exuberant litigation after the initial action has been decided not in their favor. In a case , the peremptory Court settled that it is not sensible to desert or loosen the restrictions on malicious prosecution (Sheldon v. AO).ReferenceSupreme Court of California (l989, January 12). Sheldon Appel Co. v. Albert Oliker,Cite as 47 Cal.3d 863, 765 P.2d 498, 254 Cal.Rptr. 336. Retrieved on September 16,2007 from http//www.casp.net/oliker-1.html

Foundations of Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Organizational expression EssayTUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION gentle imagingTUTORIAL 1 popular Introduction1. Ice-breaking session.2. Self-introduction by tutor and students.3. Briefing on course requirements.4. Tutorial expectations and participation.5. Briefing on root Report Oral Presentation (requirements and expectations). 6. Team formation for Group Report. (4 peniss per throng)7. Tutor assigns question and time for viva presentation assemblage report ** Oral presentation and group report submission go forth starts from calendar week 3 to 5****Important none**Students be required to sit for one (1) online turn outon Week 3. Please lay down sure that you argonregistered nether this course and be able to penetrationto CEL to extend the test. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION merciful electionTUTORIAL 2 take 1 Foundations of Organizational Structure come apart A Multiple Choice Questions1) The ________ refers to the number of subordinates that a music director directs. A) span of overtopB) mavin of commandC) chain of commandD) decentralization principleE) attractions web2) A labor movement that is subdivided into many an different(prenominal) separate patronages is considered to cast off________. A) a richly degree of departmentalizationB) a low degree of decentralizationC) a graduate(prenominal) degree of pee-pee specialityD) a low degree of structureE) a high degree of matrix structuring3) Aeronautics Inc., a parts supplier, has departments for government aircraft and contracts, large commercial aircraft clients, and polished ad hominem aircraft clients. This is an example of ________ departmentalization.A) productB) functionC) geographyD) customerE) service4) Stalsberry Company has employees in mortalnel, sales, and accounting. This division of an arranging into groups according to get functions is an example of ________, the second element of structural brass.A) soc ial clusteringB) bureaucratismC) specializationD) centralizationE) departmentalization5) The unbroken line of ascendance that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom is termed ________. A) chain of commandB) authorityC) span of control.D) unity of commandE) web of authority6) Which one of the following is consistent with a saucer-eyed structure? A) highcentralizationB) high horizontal differentiationC) high employee discretionD) standardizationE) bureaucracy7) Which of the following is a drawback of a narrow span of control? It ________. A) reduces powerfulnessB) is much efficientC) encourages to a fault tight supervision and discourages employee autonomy D) empowers employeesE) increases participatory termination-making8) In an organization that has high centralization, ________. A) the corporate headquarters is placed centrally to branch offices B) all top aim officials atomic number 18 located within the correspo nding geographical subject C) action weed be taken more quickly to solve problemsD) new employees surrender a great fuck of reliable authorityE) top managers make all the decisions and lower take aim managers merely carry out pedagogysTUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION benignant RESOURCETUTORIAL 3Topic 2 Organizational CulturePart A interchange Question1) Explain the primary manners of maintaining an organizations culture. Once a culture is in place, in that respect atomic number 18 practices within the organization that act to maintain it by magnanimous employees a set of similar experiences. Three forces play a particularly important part in sustaining a culture weft practices, the actions of top circumspection, and socialization methods.a) First, the explicit finishing of the selection process is to get word and hire individuals who have the k flatledge, skills, and abilities to perform thejobs within the organization success richly. It would be naive to ignore that the last-place decision as to who is hired allow be signifi basintly influenced by the decision makers judgment of how soundly the candidates go forth fit into the organization. This attempt to ensure a proper twain, whether purposely or inadvertently, leave behinds in the hiring of stack who have values intrinsicly consistent with those of the organization, or at least a solid portion of those values. In addition, the selection process proposes information to applicants well-nigh the organization. Candidates bring close to the organization and, if they see a date betwixt their values and those of the organization, they can self-select themselves out of the applicant pool.b) In addition to selection, the actions of top focal point in addition have a major impact on the organizations culture. Through what they say and how they behave, senior executives establish norms that filter down by means of the organization as to whether assay taking is desirable how much freedom managers should oblige their employees what is appropriate dress what actions impart overcompensate off in impairment of pay raises, promotions, and former(a) rewards and the like.c) Finally, no matter how good a job the organization does in recruiting and selection, new employees argon non fully indoctrinated in the organizations culture. Because they are unfamiliar with the organizations culture, new employees are emfly likely to disturb the beliefs and customs that are in place. The organization bequeath, therefore, want to admirer new employees adapt to its culture. This adaptation process is called socialization. This is when the organization seeks to organise the outsider into an employee in good standing. Employees who fail to learn the essential or pivotal role deportments risk macrocosm labeled nonconformists or rebels, which often leads to expulsion. But the organization will be socializing both employee, though whitethornbe not as ex plicitly, by dint ofout his or her entire career in the organization. This come along contri alonees to sustaining the culture.2) Explain how an institutionalized culture can be a barrier to diversity. Describe how an organization could employ the three forces at play in sustaining a culture to help create a various(a) workforce.By limiting the range of consentable values and styles, strong cultures put considerable pressure on employees to conform. In approximately instances, a strong culture that condones prejudice can even undermine full-dress corporate diversity policies. Strong cultures can overly be liabilities when they sustentation institutional bias or arrest insensitive to heap who are different.Hiring new employees who differ from the majority in race, age, gender, disability, or otherwise characteristics creates a paradox heed wants to demonstrate reinforcer for the differences these employees bring to the workplace, besides newcomers who wish to fit in mu st receive the organizations core cultural values. Because diverse behaviors and unique strengths are likely to diminish as people attempt to assimilate, strong cultures can constrain liabilities when they effectively eliminate these advantages. The explicit goal of the selection process is to identify and hire individuals with the association, skills, and abilities to perform successfully. Taking diversity into consideration at this phase does not have to be antagonistic to the culture.The final decision, because its significantly influenced by the decision makers judgment of how well the candidates will fit into the organization, identifies people whose values are essentially consistent with at least a good portion of the organizations. Looking beyond surface level differences at the selection phase will help create a diverse workforce. Through words and behavior, senior executives establish norms that filter through the organization about, for instance, whether risk taking is desirable, how much freedom managers should knuckle under employees, what is appropriate dress, and what actions pay off in terms of pay raises, promotions, and other rewards. Management actions should be inclusive and non-prejudicial to create a diverse and functional culture. During the metamorphosis power wind of socialization management should use institutional practices to encourage personorganization fit and high levels of commitment.3) What are the three arranges of socialization through which employees become indoctrinated into an organizations culture?The three stages of socialization are prearrival, encounter, and metamorphosis. a) The prearrival stage recognizes that all(prenominal) individual arrives with a set of values, attitudes, and expectations. These cover boththe work to be done and the organization. b) Upon admission into the organization, the new member enters the encounter stage. Here the individual confronts the possible dichotomy between her expectatio ns and reality. c) Finally, the new member must work out any problems discovered during the encounter stage. This may mean going through changes hence, this is called the metamorphosis stage.4) Discuss the difference between strong and weak organizational cultures and discuss the effect that a strong culture can have on an acquisition or merger. Strong cultures have a greater impact on employee behavior and are more flat related to reduced turnover. In a strong culture, the organizations core values are both intensely held and widely shared. The more members who buy out the core values and the greater their commitment to those values is, the stronger the culture is. A strong culture will have a great influence on the behavior of its members because the high degree of sharedness and intensity creates an national climate of high behavioral control.One circumstantial result of a strong culture should be lower employee turnover. A strong culture demonstrates high agreement among me mbers about what the organization stands for. Such agreement of purpose builds cohesiveness, loyalty, and organizational commitment. These qualities, in turn, lessen employees propensity to channel the organization. In recent years, cultural compatibility has become the primary concern. All things being equal, whether the acquisition real works seems to have more to do with how well the twain organizations cultures match up. The primary cause of disappointment is skirmishing organizational cultures, when people simply dont match up. Therefore, when considering an acquisition or merger, management would need to carefully measure out the cultures of each organization.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 4Topic 3 Foundations of Group Behavior Understanding Work TeamsPart A discussion Question1) number and briefly describe the stages in the 5-stage model of group instruction. The five-stage group using model characterizes groups as proceed ing through five distinct stages forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. a) Forming is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the groups purpose, structure, and leading. Members are testing the waters to determine what types of behavior are acceptable.b) In the storming stage, members accept the existence of the group, but there is resistance to the constraints that the group imposes on individuality. There is passage of arms over who will control the group.c) The third stage is one in which close family relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. There is now a strong sense of group identify and camaraderie. This norming stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior. d) The fourth stage is performing. The structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Group energy has moved from getting to know and understand each o ther to performing the task at hand.e) In the adjourning stage, the group prepares for its disbandment. High task execution is no extended the groups top priority. Instead, attention is directed toward wrapping up activities.2) Design the intimately effective group to take in out expressions to reduce the number of preparation hours for shipping products overseas for your company. Choose the type of team from one of the four principal team types. Describe your teams context, composition, and process parameters.Answers will vary. A problem-solving team is likely the topper type of team for this task. In a problem-solving team members share ideas or suggest how work processes and methods can beimproved. The problem-solving team will offer ideas to management. Together they discuss ship canal of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment.The team will need information on what products are being shipped and howlong each of them takes, as well as details on the curren t procedures. Adequate information is essential. A firm goal of reducing the hours spent must be realised by a leader. The group should be comprised of workers and management with expertise in the shipping department procedures. The team should have five members, three management and ii people from shipping and packaging. The process parameters should be cl premature outlined, with goals of exactly how much time needs to be shaved off of packaging processes.3) Explain the difference between groupthink and group shift. Give an example to support your answer.Groupthink is related to norms. It describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular outlooks. Groupthink is a disease that attacks many groups and can dramatically hinder their exercise. Group shift indicates that in discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution, group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions that they hold. In around situations, caution dominates, and there is a conservative shift. More often, however, the evidence indicates that groups tend toward a risky shift. Students answers may vary.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 5Topic 4 Motivation ConceptsPart A Discussion Questions1) Compare and contrast a manager that implements Theory Y and one that adheres to the expectancy conjecture. How would each choose to motivate their employees?Theory Y managers assume that employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility. Theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. Theory Y managers would contend that ideas much(prenominal) as participative decision making, responsible and challenging jobs, and good group relations are approaches that would maximize an employees jobmotivation. A Theory Y manager believes that the employee is inherently motivated as long as the conditions respect his judgement and character. A Theory Y manager would work hard to include the employee in decision making concerning his job, to satisfy work environment preferences, and to make sure the work is stimulating.Expectancy theory proposes that employees will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe it will lead to a good performance assessment that a good appraisal will lead to organizational rewards much(prenominal) as bonuses, salary increases, or promotions and that the rewards will satisfy the employees ain goals. An expectancy theory manager would focalise much more on the reward expectations of the employee, versus the psycho logic expectations. It would be important for the manager to understand the personalized goals that the employee strives to get hold of so that he can be appropriately rewarded and praised.2) Describe Maslows hierarchy of needs including the types of needs and how they become dominant .Maslows hierarchy of needs hypothesized that within every kind being there exists a hierarchy of five needs.a) The physiological needs include hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. b) Safety includes aegis and protection from physical and horny harm. c) Social includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. d) Esteem includes inbred esteem operators such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement and external esteem factors such as status, mention, and attention. e) Self-actualization is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming includes growth, achieving ones likely, and self-fulfillment.As each of these needs becomes advantageously satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. So if you want to motivate someone, according to Maslow, you need to understand whatlevel of the hierarchy that person is currently on and focus on satisfying those needs at or preceding(prenominal) that level3) According to Two-Factor Theory, how might a manag er motivate employees?According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job atonement are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, managers who seek to eliminate factors that can create job dissatisfaction may bring about peace but not necessarily result in motivation. Conditions skirt the job such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical operative conditions, relations with others, and job security were characterized by Herzberg as hygiene factors. When they are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied incomplete will they be satisfied. If we want to motivate people on their jobs, Herzberg suggested emphasizing factors associated with the work itself or to outcomes directly derived from it, such as promotional opportunities, opportunities for personal growth, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. These are the characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMA N RESOURCETUTORIAL 6Topic 5 Motivation From Concepts to ApplicationsPart A Discussion Questions1) List and describe THREE (3) different variable-pay programs. Be sure to include piece-rate plans, profit-sharing plans, and gainsharing.a) Piece-rate plans. In piece-rate pay plans, workers are compensable a fixed sum for each unit of production completed. When an employee gets no base salary and is salaried only for what he or she produces, this is a pure piece-rate plan.b) Merit-based pay. Merit-based pay plans also pay for individual performance. However, opposed piece-rate plans, which pay based on objective output, merit-based pay plans are based on performance appraisal ratings.c) Profit-sharing. Profit-sharing plans are organization-wide programs that distribute fee based on some established formula designed roughly a companys profitably.d) Bonuses. Bonuses can be paid exclusively to executives or to all employees. Many companies now routinely reward production employees wi thbonuses in the thousands of dollars when company profits improve.e) Skill-Based Pay. Skill-based pay (also called competency-based or knowledge-based pay) sets pay levels on the bottom of how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do.f) ESOPs. Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are company-established benefit plans in which employees acquire stock, often at below-market prices, as part of their benefits.g) Gainsharing. Gainsharing is a formula-based group incentive plan. Improvements in group productiveness determine the total amount of money that is to be allocated. By foc using on productivity gains rather than profits, gainsharing rewards specific behaviors that are less influenced by external factors. Employees in a gainsharing plan can receive incentive awards even when the organization isnt profitable. 2) Compare and contrast the benefits of intrinsic rewards such as recognition and external rewards such as pay as forms of motivation.Organizations are inc reasingly recognizing that both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are important. Rewards are intrinsic in the form of employee recognition programs and extrinsic in the form of payment systems. Intrinsic rewards range from a spontaneous and private thank-you to widely publicized formal programs in which specific types of behavior are encouraged and the procedures for attaining recognition are clearly identified.Pay, an extrinsic reward, is not the primary factor driving job satisfaction, however, itdoes motivate people, and companies often underestimate its sizeableness in keeping top talent. No matter how much recognition a top performer gets, he will be tempted to leave if the pay scale is much lower than the market and another offer arrives. Recent survey info indicate most employees dont see a strong connection between pay and performance. Variable pay structures, such as bonuses are often the best production motivators. When pay is tied to performance, the employees earnings also recognize contribution ratherthan being a form of entitlement. Over time, low performers pay stagnates, age high performers enjoy pay increases commensurate with their contributions.An obvious advantage of intrinsic rewards like recognition programs is that they are inexpensive since praise is free. However, they are highly susceptible to political manipulation by management. When applied to jobs for which performance factors are relatively objective, such as sales, recognition programs are likely to be perceived by employees as fair. However, in most jobs, the criteria for good performance arent self evident, which allows managers to manipulate the system and recognize their favorites. squall can undermine the value of recognition programs and demoralize employees. Research suggests financial incentives may be more motivating in the short term, but in the long run intrinsic incentives will curb good employees if the extrinsic incentives are competitive.3) What is employee i nvolvement and why is it important. Give two examples. Employee involvement is delineate as a participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organizations success. The underlying logic is that by involving workers in those decisions that affect them and by increasing their autonomy and control over their work lives, employees will become more motivated, more committed to the organization, more productive, and more satisfied with their jobs. Examples of employee involvement include a) Participative management. Participative management programs use joint decision making. Subordinates actually share a significant degree of decision-making power with their quick superiors.b) Representative participation. Representative participation refers to worker representation by a small group of employees who actually participate on the board. The goal is to redistribute power within an organization, putting labor on a m ore equal footing with the interests of management and stockholders.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 7Topic 6 What do Managers Do LeadershipPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) Which of the following is most likely to be a belief held by a successful manager? A) Technical knowledge is all that is needed for success.B) It is not essential to have sound interpersonal skills.C) Technical skills are necessary, but short alone for success. D) Effectiveness is not impacted by human behavior.E) Technical skills do not influence efficiency.2) Which of a managers primary functions requires the manager to define an organizations goals, establish an overall strategy for achieving these goals and develop a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities? A) controllingB) provisoC) staffingD) coordinateE) leading3) As a manager, one of Joes duties is to present awards to outstanding employees within his department. Which Mintzberg managerial role is Joe acting in when he does this? A) leadership roleB) liaison roleC) monitor roleD) figurehead roleE) spokesperson role4) Jill is precious by her colleagues for her ability to perform effective break-even analysis on upcoming ventures. In this case, her colleagues value her for competencies that take within which essential management skills categories?A) proficientB) dialogueC) humanD) conceptualE) education5) Leadership is best defined as ________.A) the ability to influence a group in goal achievementB) keeping order and consistency in the midst of changeC) implementing the vision and strategy provided by management D) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems E) not a relevant variable in modern organizations6) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________.A) coercion and motivationB) emotional and lucidC) employee-oriented and production-orientedD) initiating struct ure and considerationE) initiation and completionPart B Discussion Questions1) Describe the three essential management skills that differentiate effective managers from ineffective ones. Provide a workplace example of how these skills could be utilize when dealing with the challenge of a workplace recession. The three essential management skills identified by researchers are technical, human, and conceptual.Technical skills are defined by the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. piece skills are defined by the ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people. Finally, conceptual skills are defined by the ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations.In a time of recession human skills are essential to motivate fearful employees and to create a positive work environment. They would also be necessary in the event of workplace staff reduction. Technical skills could be applied in the area of expertise to raise production and, combined with conceptual s kills, can be apply to look for small market niches and ways to analyze the industry to continue to make a profit until times are better.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 8Topic 7 LeadershipPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) Hersey and Blanchard developed which of the following?A) situational leadership theoryB) cognitive re blood theoryC) managerial grid modelD) path-goal theoryE) cognitive orientation model2) Hersey and Blanchards leadership theory differs from other leadership theories primarily because it ________.A) explores the role of the expectations of the leader for the confederate B) focuses on the followersC) holds that leadership style should be parasitical on the situation D) is normativeE) deals strictly and exclusively with contingencies3) What is the main principle of path-goal theory?A) Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style. B) Stress is a form of situational unfavorableness and a leaders answer to it depends on his or her intelligence and experience.C) Effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. D) Leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers because of time pressures.E) The leader is responsible for providing followers with the information, support, or other re rises necessary for them to do their jobs.4) Which of the following is not a key characteristic of a charismatic leader? A) sensitivity to follower needsB) unconventional behaviorC) vision and articulationD) task orientationE) willingness to take risks5) Researchers are conducting a study of a company called Acme Corp, which they believe to be led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would most support the conclusion that Acmes leader is a transformational leader? A) Acmes top managers often difference over defining the organizations goals. B) Acmes goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees.C) Creativity is discouraged among Acme employees.D) Acme managers are cautious and seldom take risks.E) Acmes compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results. 6) Leaders who clarify role and task requirements to acquire established goals exhibit a _________ style of leadership.A) transformationalB) transactionalC) charismaticD) self-initiatingE) situational7) Richard is a transactional leader who has just assign a series of tasks to a project team. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the teams performance under Richards guidance?A) They will set new standards of productivity for the department, exceeding Richards expectations.B) They will meet the goals set for them but are unlikely to go beyond those goals. C) They will tend to be unclear about the roles assigned to each team member. D) They will be highly motivated by what they view as Richards despairing or extraord inary qualities.E) They will tend to put their individual self-interest above the interests of the company. Part B Discussion Questions1)Compare and contrast Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership theory with Houses path-goal theory.Hersey and Blanchards situation leadership theory is a contingency theorythat focuses on the followers. Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which Hersey and Blanchard argue is contingent on the level of the followers readiness. The emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is the followers who accept or reject the leaders. The term readiness refers to the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. SLT says if a follower is unable and unwilling to do a task, the leader needs to give clear and specific directions if followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task orientation to compensate for the follower s leave out of ability and high relationship orientation to get the follower to buy into the leaders desires if followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a verificatory and participative style and if the employee is both able and willing, the leader doesnt need to do much. Path-goal theory was developed by Robert House.The heart and soul of the theory is that its the leaders job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. The term path-goal is derived from the belief that effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers get from where they are to theachievement of their work goals and make the journey along the path easier by reducing roadblocks. House identified four leadership behaviors.The directive leader lets followers know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific g uidance as to how to accomplish tasks. The supportive leader is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers. The participative leader consults with followers and uses their suggestions before making a decision. The achievement-oriented leader sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level. House assumes that leaders are flexible and that the same leader can display any or all of these behaviors depending on the situation.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 9Topic 8 confabulationPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) Communication serves all of the following functions within a group or organization except ________.A) motivationB) planningC) emotional expressionD) controlE) conveying information2) Alejandro is annoyed that the new recruit, Ben, is working faster than anyone else in the group, making the rest of the group look bad. In the company cafeteria Alejandro teases Ben and calls him the super recruit an d imitates his style of working so rapidly. Alejandro wants to intimidate Ben so that he will work slower. Which function of communication is Alejandro using by making fun of Ben?A) motivationB) controlC) expressionD) informationE) formal3) capital of Montana and Laura were talking on the phone. Lauras two year old son fell and started crying and Laura could no longer hear what Helena said. This is an example of ________.A) transmittingB) decodingC) noiseD) understandingE) analysis4) The communication used by managers to provide job instructions is ________ communication.A) downwardB) lateralC) formalD) directionalE) diagonalPart B Discussion Questions1)Describe the communication process. Include the communication process model and explain the eight parts of this model.Before communication can take place, a purpose, evince as a core to be conveyed, is needed. It passes between a sender and a receiver. The message is encoded (converted to a symbolic form) and passed by way of some medium (channel) to the receiver, who retranslates (decodes) the message initiated by the sender. The result is a transfer of meaning from one person to another.The key parts of the communication process are1)the sender2)encoding3)the message4)the channel5)decoding6)the receiver7)noise8)feedbackThe source initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical product from the source encoding. The channel is the medium through which the message travels. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. The symbols must be translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver. This is the decoding. Noise represents communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message. The finallink is a feedback loop.2) Explain how the grapeshot functions and why it exists in organizational communication. Describe the general direction of communication and the form of communication most commonly used in the grape. What can a manager do to limit the n egative effects of the grapevine?The sluttish communication system is the grapevine. While it is informal it is still an important source of information. A survey found that 75 percent of employees hear about matters first through rumors on the grapevine. The grapevine has three main characteristics. First, it is not controlled by management. Second, most employees perceive it as more believable and reliable than formal communiqus issued by top management. Finally, it is largely used to serve the interests of the people within it. Rumors emerge as a response to situations that are important to us, when there is ambiguity, and under conditions that arouse anxiety.The fact that work situations frequently contain these three elements explains why rumors flourish in organizations. The secrecy and competition that typically prevail in large organizations, encourage and sustain rumors on the grapevine. A rumor will persist either until the wants and expectations creating the uncertainty are fulfilled or the anxiety has been reduced.The grapevine generally follows lateral communication in which persons from the same hierarchical levels begin to relay messages. Very rarely does management participate in the grapevine. In fact, one study reported that management only relayed messages to the grapevine ten percent of the time. Generally oral communication is used to relay grapevine information, although written electronic mail can be used as well, but is considered less safe for accountability reasons.Managers can not entirely eliminate rumors. What they should do is minimize the negative consequences of rumors by limiting their range and impact. The best way to reduce the negative consequences of rumors is to 1) Provide information 2) Explain actions and decisions that may come forward inconsistent, unfair, or secretive 3) end from shooting the messenger and 4)Maintain open communication channels.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIA L 10Topic 9 Conflict ManagementPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) The traditional view of conflict is the belief that conflict is ________. A) harmfulB) naturalC) necessaryD) situationally-dependentE) neutral2) Which of the following is not a cause of conflict, according to the traditionalist view? A) general poor communication between peopleB) lack of openness in the organizationC) trust between people in the organizationD) management failure to be responsive to employee needsE) management failure to be responsive to employee aspirations 3) The ________ view of conflict argues that conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively.A) human relationsB) interactionistC) traditionalD) functionalE) reactive4) ________ conflicts are almost always dysfunctional.A) TaskB) JobC) RelationshipD) ProcessE) Functional5) The first stage of the conflict process is termed ________. A) cognition and personalizationB) behavioral manifestationC) potential opposition or incompatibilityD) incl inationE) dependency6) High job specialization can lead to ________ conflict.A) communicationB) structuralC) personal-variableD) job-relatedE) team7) In which stage are conflict issues defined?A) potential oppositionB) cognition and personalizationC) intuitionsD) behaviorE) reaction and transference8) The conflict-handling intention of collaborating is ________. A) assertive and uncooperativeB) assertive and cooperativeC) unassertive and uncooperativeD) unassertive and cooperativeE) affective and meditative9) Angelina feels that her cubicle neighbor talks too loudly on the phone, but in other ways she is a great neighbor. Angelina gets annoyed every time her neighbors phone rings, but she has decided its simply not worth the trouble to talk to her neighbor. Angelinas conflict intention is called ________.A) competingB) avoidingC) accommodatingD) compromisingE) collaborating10) Which of the following is not a conflict-resolution technique? A)creating superordinate goalsB) appointin g a devils advocateC) avoiding the conflictD) exercising authoritative commandE) generating additional choices11) play II of the conflict process deals with conflict being ________. A) perceived and feltB) apparent and experiencedC) expressed and perceivedD) overt and covertE) internalized12) Irma does not like a few of the standard operating procedures qualified for the new project. However, she discussed the items with the team and told them that she realizedshe was in the minority and that she would adapt the new procedures to maintain smooth operations within the team. This type of intention is called ________. A) sacrificingB) accommodatingC) collaboratingD) compromisingE) competingTUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 11Topic 10 Power and PoliticsPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) Power can be defined as ________.A) the ability to influence the behavior of othersB) the actualization of the dependency of othersC) congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led D) downward influence on ones followersE) upward influence on ones leaders2) One reacts to ________ power out of fear of the negative ramifications that might result if one fails to comply.A) legitimateB) coerciveC) punitiveD) referentE) abusive3) The power that the College Dean has been granted by the University over the skill is termed ________ power.A) academicB) positionalC) legitimateD) organizationalE) balanced4) Power tactical maneuver can be defined as ________.A) the only legitimate sources of powerB) techniques for translating power bases into specific action C) strategies for gathering and maintain supportD) organizational structural characteristicsE) approaches for winning arguments5) Vivian has not been handling one portion of her duties in a equal manner. As a result, her manager threatens to withhold her promotion. Which power tactic is being used?A) exchangeB) insinuationC) pressureD) personal appealsE) inspirational appealsPart B Discussion Questions1) Contrast leadership and power.Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. Leadership, on the other hand, requires some congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led. A second difference relates to the direction of influence. Leadership focuses on the downward influence on ones followers. Itminimizes the importance of lateral and upward influence patterns. Power does not.Still another difference deals with research emphasis. Leadership research, for the most part, emphasizes style. It seeks answers to such questions as How supportive should a leader be? How much decision making should be shared with followers? The research on power encompasses a broader area and focus on tactics for gaining compliance. Power can be used by groups as well as by individuals to control other individuals or groups. 2) List and discuss the bases of personal power.Personal power comes from an individuals unique characteristics. Two bases of person al power are expertise, the respect and admiration of others.a) Expert power is influence wielded as a result of expertise, special skill, or knowledge. Expertise has become one of the most powerful sources of influence as the human being has become more technologically oriented.b) Referent power is based on identification with a person who has desirable imagings or personal traits. If I like, respect, and admire you, you can exercise power over me because I want to please you.3) Distinguish between legitimate political behavior and illegitimate political behavior. certain political behavior refers to normal everyday politics complaining to your supervisor, bypassing the chain of command, forming coalitions, obstructing organizational policies or decisions through inaction or excessive adherence to rules, and developing contacts outside the organization through ones professional activities.On the other hand, there are also illegitimate political behaviors that violate the implied rules of the game. Those who pursue such ingrained activities are often described as individuals who play hardball. Illegitimate activities include sabotage, whistleblowing, and symbolic protests such as wearing unorthodox dress or protest buttons, and groups of employees simultaneously calling in sick.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 12Topic 11 Human Resource Policies and Practices (Human Resource Planning Forecasting, Recruitment)Part A Discussion Questions1) Define human resource planning. Describe the TWO (2) components in human resource planning.Human resource planning is the systematic process of matching the internal and external supply of people with job openings anticipated in the organization over a specific period of time. Human resource planning has 2 components requirements and availability. A requirements forecast involves determining the number, skill, and location of employees the organization will need at future dates in orde r to meet its goals. The determination of whether the firm will be able to check employees with the necessary skills, and from what sources, is called an availability forecast. 2) Describe human resource databases and how databases can assist in matching internal employees to positions.A human resource database contains employee information that permits management to make HR decisions. Information that might appear in such databases, includes, but is not limited to, the following work history and experience, specific skills and knowledge, licenses or certifications held, organizational training completed, educational background, previous performance appraisal evaluations, assessment of strengths and weaknesses, development needs, promotion potential at present, and with further development, current job performance, field of specialization, job preferences, geographic preferences, career goals and aspirations, anticipated seclusion date, and personal history, including psychologica l assessments. Databases are being used by organizations to enable human resources to match people with positions.3) List TWO (2) methods are available to firms when either a shortage or surplus of workers is forecasted?Firms set about with a shortage of workers may use1)2)3)4)innovative recruiting,compensation incentives, andtraining programs to fill positions.Lowering of traffic standardsFirms faced with a surplus of workers may use1)2)3)4)5)layoffs,restricted hours,hiring freezes may be necessary, andencourage early retirement andthe use of vacation time.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 13Topic 12 Human Resource Policies and Practices (Selection)Part A Multiple Choice Questions1) Which of the following is the most common method of initial selection? A) written testsB) background checkC) performance testD) application formE) work-sample test2) More than ________ percent of employers conduct some type of background check on potential employe es during some point in the hiring process, usually either in the initial phase or the contingent phase.A) 25B) 50C) 65D) 80E) 953) The best way for an employer to find out if a potential employee can do a job is by ________.A) using the interview processB) using a written testC) having them spend a day in the officeD) administering an IQ testE) using a performance simulation test4) Work sample tests are widely used in hiring ________.A) unskilled laborB) skilled workersC) professional workersD) managersE) knowledge workers5) The results of which of the following tend to have a disproportionate amount of influence on employee selection decisions?A) interviewsB) written testsC) performance simulation testsD) work sampling methodsE) temperament tests6) The behavioral structured interview is built on the assumption that________. A) past behavior is the best prognosticator of future behaviorB) technical knowledge and skills are the best predictor of job performance C) nature is the b est predictor of job performanceD) personality and mood are highly correlatedE) technical knowledge and mood are highly correlatedPart B TRUE /FALSE Questions1) As a selection device, written tests have decreased in usage during the past 20 years. (TRUE /FALSE)2) A test that measures factors such as dependability, carefulness, responsibility, and honesty is referred to as a performance factor test.(TRUE /FALSE)3) Work samples go validities almost consistently superior to written aptitude tests. (TRUE /FALSE)4) In assessment centers, job candidates are evaluated as they go through several days of exercises that simulate real problems they would confront on the job. (TRUE /FALSE)TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 14Topic 13 14 Human Resource Policies and Practices ( action Evaluation)Part A Multiple Choice Questions1) Performance evaluations today are generally based on which three types of behavior? A) task performance, productivity, tenureB) pr oductivity, efficiency, absenteeismC) task performance, citizenship, counterproductivityD) citizenship, counterproductivity, personalityE) leadership, training, efficiency2) Performance evaluations are used as a mechanism for all of the followingexcept ________.A) monitoring the success of marketing strategiesB) determining promotionsC) pinpointing employees skillsD) identifying training and development needsE) providing feedback to employees3) Which of the following is not a weakness of the 360-degree evaluation system? A) artificially inflated feedback from peersB) insufficient training for performance evaluatorsC) discrepancies between evaluating groupsD) provides a wide performance perspectiveE) unenviableies in reconciling differing evaluations4) Performance evaluations are used to ________.A) improve group cohesivenessB) define departmental structureC) help management make HR decisionsD) identify how jobs are completedE) decrease conformity within organizations5) Which of the following is the least predictive set of criteria used to evaluate employees?A) traitsB) task outcomesC) behaviorsD) personalityE) moodPart B Discussion Questions1) What are the three most popular sets of criteria for evaluating employee performance?The three most popular sets of criteria for evaluating employee performance are individual task outcomes, behaviors, and traits.a) If ends count, rather than means, then management should evaluate an employees task outcomes. In many cases, its difficult to identify specific outcomes that can be directly attributable to an employees actions.b) Its not unusual for management to evaluate the employees behavior. c) The weakest set of criteria, yet one that is widely used by organizations is individual traits. They are weaker because they are farthest removed from the actual performance of the job itself.2) Who should perform employee evaluations?With many of todays organizations using self-managed teams, telecommuting, and other organizing devices that distance bosses from their employees, an employees immediate superior may not be the most reliable judge of that employees performance. Thus, in more and more cases, peers and even subordinates are being asked to participate in the performance evaluation process. Also, increasingly, employees are participating in their own performance evaluation. In most situations, in fact, it is highly advisable to use multiple sources of ratings. whatsoever individual performance rating may say as much about the rater as about the person being evaluated. By averaging across raters, we can obtain a more reliable, unbiased, and accurate performance evaluation.