Economic Impact of Base Closures on Communities :: Economics USA Community Essays Papers

Monetary Impact of Base Closures on Communities After World War II, the United States was unexpectedly confronted with another adversary, the Soviet Union. When the United States utilized the Atom bomb on Japan, there was a race to manufacture greater and all the more impressive atomic weapons. The beginning of the Cold War was on. This â€Å"war† would end up being one of the most costly endeavors in United States history. Each time the Soviets would construct something, we would work too. The same was backward. It was an endless cycle to see who could exceed the other. During this time there were additionally numerous army installations worked in what were once remote towns over the United States. As these bases utilized an ever increasing number of regular people, there were out of nowhere towns growing up all around these bases. Some of them became very enormous as the bases employed an ever increasing number of non military personnel laborers and the military individuals positioned there exploited what the towns brought to the table. The late 1980’s saw once more another adjustment in military approach. Out of nowhere the Berlin Wall fell thus did the Communist legislature of the Soviet Union. The Cold War was presently finished. Thus, the United States was left with a staggering atomic and military munititions stockpile and not a single clear foe to be seen. With the danger of a downturn on the skyline, there was an investigation called the Base Realignment and Closure board of trustees, or BRAC set up to choose where cuts in the guard financial plan would originate from and what bases would be shut. The Report of the Department of Defense on Base Realignment and Closure announced that in 1989 the BRAC board of trustees arrived at the resolution that the Department of Resistance could at present deliberately work if they somehow managed to close 23 percent of their establishments. The report proceeds to call attention to that the finish of the BRAC adjusts in 1995 assessed the terminations to have spared the Federal Government roughly $3 billion. (Www.defenslink.mil/bars/brac040298.pdf) After the noteworthy triumph in the Gulf War, there was a significantly greater cut in the resistance spending plan. There was an abrupt effect not just on the military who presently had less to work with, however the networks who depended intensely on the army installations for monetary security. True to form, numerous in Congress who had a base in their region on the BRAC list, out of nowhere needed to do all that they could so as to keep the bases ready for action. It was initially assessed that the base terminations would affect the number of inhabitants in the town through lost positions, lost deals

French Love Vocabulary

French Love Vocabulary French is regularly called the language of affection. Here is some adoration related French jargon. To realize how to state I love you in French - its more muddled than what it appears and not knowing precisely what you are stating could prompt an enormous shame, I recommend you look at my exercise about How To Say I Love You in French. French Love Vocabulary Lamour - loveLamitià © - friendshipMon love - my adoration (could be utilized as a French expression of charm, either for a man or a woman)Mon chã ©ri, mama chã ©rie - sweetheart (note the I sound at the end)Je taime - I am enamored with youJe laime - I am infatuated with him/herJe suis amoureux/amoureuse de toi, lui, elle, vous... - I am infatuated with you, him, her, you (formal or... plural !)Tomber Amoureux/amoureuse - to begin to look all starry eyed at (not tomber en love which is utilized in Canadian French however not in France)Est-ce que tu veux sortir avoir moi - okay prefer to go out with me ?Est-ce que tu veux bien mã ©pouser - OK wed me? The bien here methods are you ready to wed me, yet its what we customarily say.To kiss - embrasser, sembrasser. WATCH OUT !!! Not baiser... Im sorry to be indecent yet you should know that un baiser is fine, it a kiss, yet baiser as an action word these days intends to f..k.A kiss - un baiser, un bisou - I composed an entire article regarding the matter of French kisses.Les fianã §ailles - commitment Se fiancer - to get engagedUn fiancã ©, une fiancã ©e - somebody you are locked in to. However, now and then used to state somebody you are simply dating.Le mariage - marriage, wedding (just a single R in French)Se marier avec qqun - to get hitched with someoneã‰pouser quelquun - to wed someoneLa lune de mielâ -HoneymoonUn mari - a husbandUne femme - a wifeUn petit-ami - a boyfriendUne dainty amie - a sweetheart In the event that you loved this article, I recommend you investigate my French pet names sound article, and furthermore the French dating framework explainedâ on my own site French Today. You may likewise like: Exchange About Kissing - Easy Bilingual StoryHow To Say I love You in FrenchFrench Canadian Love ExpressionsFrench Valentines Day Traditions and Vocabulary - Easy Bilingual Story

Professional Term Paper Writer - Learn How to Get the Best

Professional Term Paper Writer - Learn How to Get the BestIf you are sick and tired of doing writing that is unsatisfactory, you might want to hire a professional term paper writer. These are individuals who have a vast experience in term papers. This is one way for you to improve your paper in terms of its quality and even its presentation.A person needs to be knowledgeable enough in terms of the writing process. You might find this difficult if you are not well acquainted with it. In any case, having a professional help can help you in every respect.The more work you do, the more mistakes you may make. A professional can be hired to come up with a paper that can stand the test of time. It can be done in as little as a few days.People tend to be tight lipped in regards to their own projects and they do not see the need to get the help of professionals. You need to get rid of this habit. If you want to impress your teachers and bosses, you need to learn how to be able to present your papers to perfection. You need to know how to make sure that your work is flawless and that your writing will be perfect.A professional has a special quality of presentation. You should let them present your papers in an expert manner. Otherwise, no one will really get the sense of how well your paper is written and how well it can be presented. Hence, it is necessary that you let a professional to work on the task so that he can present it to you in an amazing manner.A good paper is the one which can persuade the reader or viewer to get up and read the paper. It is not good to write something which has no power of attraction. A single word that gets lost here and there is nota real result. Therefore, you should ensure that your term paper has a lot of power of attraction.All your papers needs a bit of composition. A good and experienced term paper writer will be able to write a good composition and lay it out in a manner that is memorable. All the passages in your papers must be i nformative, interesting and convincing.You may find the application for hiring a term paper writer in several places. You can search for this yourself online. There are lots of websites that can help you locate these professional writers. Therefore, get rid of those ugly term papers and get good quality ones with the help of a professional term paper writer.

The Book Skull Wars By Kennewick Man - 962 Words

Archeologist Brian Fagan once wrote that â€Å"If we are ignorant of the past, someone will rewrite it for us.† In the book Skull Wars by Kennewick Man, David Hurst Thomas explores the history of Anthropology and its relationship between American Indians and European Descent. This novel reveals the underlying truth, hardship and reality of who Christopher Columbus once called Los Indios. In the book Skull Wars by Kennewick Man, Brian Fagan’s Statement of the rewriting of the past can relate to Skull Wars in numerous ways. I Agree with his statement and believe that if we do not care or learn about what has really happened in the past, why would it be so hard for mainstream American society to feed us misinterpreted stories today? Kennewick Man has also taken a huge step forward in revealing the truth on why todays Indians resent and distrust both anthropology and archeology. But how has the history of interaction between Native American people and their displacers shape d the way I approach and think of Native American prehistory? Firstly, there are numerous Examples of European interactions with American Indians. From the beginning Indians focused on Trade as a major role in receiving and selling goods. For example, the Indians traded much with European explorers and colonists. Many Native hunters demanded deer hides that Indians were very skilled at making. Indians demanded thing such as iron tools, copper pots and glass beads. As a result of trade many French people developed

Police Brutality in Modern Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2073 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Police Brutality Essay Did you like this example? Police Brutality in the Media Propaganda is built into the DNA of America. It is a rising epidemic that American journalist have repeatedly incorporated while releasing information to the public. Their actions are self-evident through profound issues such as Police Brutality, which have been misconstrued in such a way that diverts from the publics original perspective. As a result, the media is presented falsified information, that undermines the original truth. The pain of those affected by its dreadful oppression, have unknowingly adapted as a norm in society. It is no longer a grave issue when an African American man is shot in cold blood but seen as a causal antic. Through concrete analysis of the history of police brutality, the American societys response has gradually altered over time. Corrupt law enforcers with soiled hands can walk freely due to the failing justice system, that citizens have no knowledge in. They lack knowledge because they are not receiving adequate information on the events are that taking place every day. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Police Brutality in Modern Media" essay for you Create order Instead, they are receiving a biased, watered down form of the truth. This causes injustice to rise, and the justice system to turn a blind eye towards the citizens of this country. Despite controversial belief that propaganda has no effect on todays society, an analysis of various articles concerning police brutality reveals that in an attempt to convey a more authentic read, journalist have repeated the style of incorporating persuasive language along with emotional examples presented by influential sources to cover up underlined bias, which ultimately influences the publics perception of violence in the hands of law enforcement. The issue of police brutality serves as a controversial topic in which a clear majority of the American population understand the danger that police brutality has on Black-American lives and the progression of society. While, another portion of the American population continue to make excuses for the actions of police. This distinction is evident through the authors selected point of view when writing articles. Although the perception of bias relays the article, journalists continue the implication of rhetoric to cover it up. When writing, journalists attempt to create a subtle and clear stance in their argument however, steering away from making their writing highlight the obvious reason as to why their position was chosen. The CNN journalist, Michael Martinez, in the article, California Cop Placed on Leave in The Wake of Third Brutality Allegations, addresses the topic of police brutality and argues that the rising levels of brutality from law enforcement is becoming an issue amo ngst society. Its ironic that the examples used in this article were taken from a Hispanic-American just as the journalist in the article. Martinez presents all the faults in the actions of police by using reports from each of the investigation. The sources he provides, not only validates his argument but creates a logical backbone to the article. Another noticeable act Martinez demonstrates is his eloquent use of persuasive language. From beginning to end his diction consistently sides against police brutality, urging the readers to do so as well. He fails to include any personal anecdotes in fear of creating a biased piece of writing. These same uses of rhetoric were also evident in an article from TIME magazine written by Howard Safir, the former commissioner of the New York City Police Department called Police Brutality Is Inexcusable-And Rare. In this writing, he urges readers that the killing of civilians by authority is rare and due to threat amongst life (Safir 1). In the beginning of the article, Safir says the shootingis an enormous tragedy and will hurt the image of police officers and police departments (Safir 1). Being a former commissioner, it is expected that he would be rational in his opinion regarding the matter. However, when stating his claim, he begins by embedding diction that made him appear neutral to the situation. His mechanism of pros and cons to show his equality in his opinion is put to cover any accusations of bias. He also appeals to readers emotions by presenting the actions of police as misunderstood and rare. Safir does this by including quotes such as police officers are human beings they make mistakes (Safir 1) and law enforcement is a noble profession and should be regarded as such (Safir 1). These quotes were not only used as a form of justification for the actions of the police but created sympathy for them. Emotional subduction distracts readers from where their sources are coming from, and the effect it has on their perception. Safir also exemplifies and authenticates his information by providing statistics and percentages from cases. For example, he says only 1% of encounters between police citizens results in any use of force at all and nine out of ten cases, citizens are happy with their interaction, and in 99 out of 100, no force is used (Safir 1). These two examples visually attract the reader to take in the information as accurate and reputable. The attraction befuddles readers away from the journalist himself, and the obviousness as to his opinion and how it is embedded into the claim. Although they apply the same uses of rhetoric to express their opinion, American and international journalists have different motives when expressing arguments through writing and who they wish to appeal to. This contrast can be seen in articles regarding police brutality in countries like Syria. Most of the journalist are Syrian as well and most of the time, are going through the same oppression as their fellow citizens rather than just witnessing it. Because of that, the writings are created to amplify a reaction from readers in efforts to end police brutality. For example, in an article called Torture in Syria published by an anonymous Syrian journalist for state of enlightenment they use audacious diction when describing the events such as rattled the middle east, severe human rights abuse and torturing prisoners (Torture). Unlike American journalist whose pathos is used to invoke sympathy and remorse, international journalist writes to invoke vengeance and anger. Another example of this implication is seen in a New York Times article concerning police brutality in Nigeria called Changing Nigerias Cruel Police Culture written by Adewale Maja-Pearce who happens to be Nigerian as well. In the article, Pearce illustrates the acts of police brutality he witnessed in Nigeria. He uses a very gruesome tone to not only detail interrogation acts by police but to also appeal to the readers. Instead of using words like I heard him cry out remorsefully, Pearce writes I will never forget his screams when the first lash laced across his back. (Maja-Pearce 1). As the article proceeds, Pearce includes a statement from the police forces public relations officer saying the police forcehas significantly improved on its human rights records (Maja-Pearce 1). This statement validates how although the police force claims to be putting an end to the issue, the problem prevails and is even getting worse. By fastening this contradiction, Pearce hopes that readers can take information from such a high positioned course and see it as a sign of everyone being corrupt. This action changes the perception of those that thought change was occurring. Another noticeable act by this certain journalist was how he presented the information by using distinct language. Pearce reemphasized the calamity of the situation along with the effects it had on the Nigerian population. The use of words like demoralization, torture and impunity serves as negative connotations to describe what the police are doing (Maja-Pearce 1). As readers go through this article, they are disgusted, appalled and angered; exactly what the journalist intended. Conclusively, the style of journalism remains the same worldwide but the motivation and audience of each contrast with one another. Traditionally, the idea of death in the hands of police would be repulsive and vile but now, the American society is becoming accustomed to these actions. It is evident that the change in journalistic coverage plays a role in the publics reaction to police brutality over time. The vicissitude of publics opinion on police brutality is shown through the amount of different forms of rhetoric embed. Increase and decrease of the rhetoric shapes the publics opinion on the information; dangerously important or a repeated tragedy. In an article by thinkprogress.org named, What Has Changed about Police Brutality in America written by Nicole Flatow, an act of brutality by police that occurred in 1991 was described as such an unthinkable crime, that it resulted in immediate consequence to the police. After the publication of the first article concerning that case, the readers reaction triggered three days of violent riots during which at least 53 people died and created immense momentum for r eform, so of course the addition of this information was in the form of pathos which invoked the readers reaction (Flatow 1). However, journalist was able to carry that out with just their style of writing and implication of very few forms of rhetoric, leading to more actualization of the event taking place. Now an analysis of an article concerning the same topic written this year would show you that persuasive language, emotional examples and credible sources have been amplified and exaggerated to where it does nothing but created an awe, that sucks effect on the public. For example, in an article titled Police Can Use A Deadly Force If They Merely Perceive a Threat, written by a journalist named German Lopez, it is shown how reports on a noticed correlation people getting pulled over by police received a variety of reactions from the public. Because of this observation, Legally, what most matters in these shootings is whether police officers reasonably believed that their or others lives were in danger, not whether the shooting victim actually posed a threat (Lopez 5). Just compare this reaction to th at of today. If this same observation were displayed today, the actions of todays court proves that a reaction is less likely to happen. Journalist are seemingly aware that the coverage of bias makes their writing appear more authentic in the eyes of readers. How the public perceives the information is affected by the written opinion of the journalist, which is shown through the actions seen today. With the riots, protests, and even reform movements such as required police cameras are example of results from persuasive writings. For example, a Houston Chronicle journalist, Cindy George in the article Victories Claimed in Police Brutality Suits addresses the topic of police brutality and argues that Houston area Polices are blindly being cleared of all wrongdoings. Her purpose was to display the level of difficulty in trying to gain justice from police wrongdoings to show how easily police can get away with acts of brutality. She persuasively develops her article by developing pathos to analyze emotional examples in which the victims were hurt due to the fault 6 of police. She also includes the opinion of Bill Helfan d, who represented the Webster and Stafford officers and whose firm dominates the defense of police liability cases statewide as a credible source of information (George 1). With the use of these forms of rhetoric, the journalist sculpts the opinion of readers regarding police brutality. The increase of police brutality is becoming a worldwide dilemma. So, because of this growing pandemic, journalist have taken advantage of the ignorance and fear of the public in efforts to not only get their opinion across but to prompt a reaction. These same master minds are aware of how using biased opinions can deteriorate the authenticity of their writing. As a result, journalist uses the style of incorporating persuasive language along with emotional examples presented by influential sources to cover up underlined bias ultimately influencing the publics perception of violence in the hands of law enforcement. CITED PAGE Flatow, Nicole. What Has Changed about Police Brutality in America. Think Progress.org. N.p., 11 Sept. 2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015. George, Cindy. Victories Claimed in Police Brutality Suits. Houston Chronicle. Cindy George 6 June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2016 Lopez, German. Police Can Use Deadly Force If They Merely Perceive a Threat.Vox, 15 June 2015, www.vox.com/cards/police-brutality-shootings-us/police-deadly-force-perceived-threat. Martinez, Michael, and Stan Wilson. California Cop Placed on Leave in Wake of Third Brutality Allegation. CNN. Cable News Network, 16 Sept. 2011. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. Pearce, Adewale Maja. Changing Nigerias Cruel Police Culture. New York Times. N.p., 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015. Safir, Howard. Howard Safir on Walter Scott: Police Brutality Is Inexcusable-And Rare. Time, Time, 8 Apr. 2015, time.com/3814344/walter-scott-howard-safir-police-brutality-is-inexcusable-and-rare/. Torture in Syria. State Of Enlightment. N.p., 13 Feb. 2012. Web

Personal Statement Internal Medicine - 959 Words

Personal Statement: Internal Medicine It all began when I was eight years, my father and I were waiting patiently in our community health center to see the doctor because I had a fever. Few minutes later, a young man stepped out from a wooden door wearing a long white coat with a stethoscope gently resting around his neck. I turned to my father and asked â€Å"Dad, is that an Angel†? My father replied, â€Å"No son that is the doctor we came to see†. This experience opened up my dream to become a physician. My decision to study medicine received more attention when I was in the tenth grade, and I realized the incessant lack of medical doctors in rural communities in Nigeria which has resulted in high mortality even from preventable diseases. In fact, some of my relatives were victims of this. This experience ignited a passion and desire within me to become an agent of positive change. As a result of this, I decided to become a physician so that I can help people with their health needs. A few years later, I secured admission into College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria to study medicine. Choosing a specialty was a very unique experience for me, being the first doctor in my family meant I had to seek advice and also know what I really wanted to contribute positively to this noble profession. I would like a specialty where, when I wake up in the morning I can’t wait to get to work and at the end of the day feel very reluctant to leave. Developing aShow MoreRelatedInternal Medicine Personal Statement Is The Mystery Of The Human Body1156 Words   |  5 PagesInternal Medicine Personal Statement Since high school I was mesmerized by the mystery of the human body. I always wanted to study the structure of the smallest cells. Nevertheless, my admiration for the noble work of doctors in helping people and relieving the suffering of others was one of my primary reasons for wanting to pursue a career in medicine. 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This programs three-step approach has been inefficient because late turnaround timesRead MoreRisk and Quality Management Assessment Summary1698 Words   |  7 Pagesdeliver the explanation of quality care, and provide good strategic concepts of quality management. The subject will provide synopsis of long-term and short-term of a Long-Term Care facilities, and will provide an explanation of the external and internal factors that may influence these goals. This paper will also endorse this kind of quality management policy that will simplify the reaching of those goals. â€Å"Quality management is an organization-wide approach to understanding precisely what customers

Carbon Emission Abatement free essay sample

Topic: Carbon emission abatement can be achieved by various meaner, for example, regulation (controlling the emitting of carbon on the same basis as governments control other pollutants), by subsidizing consumption of renewable technologies using wind or the sun, by subsidizing non-carbon polluting technologies and by supporting research into innovative green technologies. Another way of achieving reduction in carbon emissions is a pricing scheme such as a cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme (TEST), which could exist in Australia by 2014, and China probably by 2015. Nations have also achieved reductions through energy conservation. Discuss (1) the various options available for carbon abatement, their merits and weaknesses, and (2) the role government and business have to play if the methods are to achieve their objectives. Major Assignment Tutor: Mrs. Maintained Sings Major Assignment Global warming is a complicated issue faced by leaders of today. Warnings are becoming increasingly amplified, in the wake of a realization that a disastrous future ahead because of the perpetual accumulation anthropogenic greenhouse gases ” emanating from fossil-fuel combustion and burning forests. PM Tony Blair told BBC sews that scientific evidence of global warming was overwhelming and its consequences disastrous. Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature (f the Earths atmosphere and corners in recent decades (Brakeman 2009). The Earths average near-surface atmospheric temperature increased by 0. 6 Ð’Â ± 0. 2 Celsius (1. 1 Ð’Â ± 0. 4 Fahrenheit) in the 20th century (The Universe-Galaxy-stars 2012). Global warming and climate change have already unleashed untold suffering to thousands of people across the face of the earth. Think of the millions of environmental refugees who have been forced to vacate the land of their forefathers cause of flooding. Thousands of children in Africa have been born into lives of poverty, disease and famine, resulting from shifting climatic conditions (Andorra 2011, quoted in Africa Up in Smoke, 2012, 12). In Niger for example, drought and famine claimed the lives of nearly 70 people (BBC News 2012), whilst later in the year, unexpected flooding displaced 1 50000 families, stirred up a cholera outbreak and claimed more lives. In Australia and the US, wild raging fires have destroyed the habitat of thousands of species, reducing beautiful vast carpets of green thriving tit flora and fauna; into barren lifeless stretches of sparsely vegetated, stunted and horrid landscapes with little biodiversity. Moderate to exceptional, whilst intensified convection over the Caribbean also brought heavy rains to Colombia, where flooding displaced an estimated 1. 5 million people. Thousands of pages can be authored to document the incalculable grave impacts global warming has caused to our beloved mother earth. It is even more astonishing when you realism that all this anguish has been borne by people who are now alive today. You cannot help but wonder what it shall be like in the more distant true. A continued surge in co levels for another century will see gases reach a level unheard of since millions of years ago. The consequences are anticipated to take many centuries to be fully manifested, as the Earth transforms into a new state. In the distant future, eras with high CO are anticipated where sea levels will be even higher and temperature will soar to catastrophic levels: a planet grossly unlike the one to which the human species is adapted (Conservation Foundation 1963). By now you may be wondering , what is the link between Global Warming and Carbon Emissions? After all, the essence of this account is a mere review of the various meaner by which Carbon Emissions may be reduced. Scientific research has established a link between Global Warming and Carbon Dioxide pollution. Carbon dioxide particles are capable of retaining heat energy received from the sun (Rogers 1989). The atmosphere naturally contains optimum levels of carbon dioxide, necessary to make the earth habitable (green-house effect). Human activities such as burning of forests and fossil fuels, however, further append co levels in the atmosphere to catastrophic levels which cause global warming and climate change (Munroe 2011). The author was inclined to explain the relationship between Carbon emission and Global Warming, so as to express the weight of the Carbon Reduction issue under review. Mitigating carbon emission seeks to curb Global Warming and all its adverse impacts highlighted previously. Global warming is the bigger picture beyond carbon emission. Carbon reduction methods in the discussion essentially target the sectors summarized the opposite pie-chart. Government can use regulation to reduce carbon emission levels. This is essentially a command-and-control approach, where standard minimum requirements are established and enforced by law. Such laws may target annual level of carbon emission, mandatory adoption of given forms of clean technology and production techniques. Compliance by emitters is mandatory, the failure of which is punishable by fines, public shaming, penalties, sanctions and blacklisting. (ESSAY Emission. Trading 2010). Regulation is an effective control mechanism as it covers all aspects of the global emission by sector. Regulation almost guarantees a reduction, as companies seek to and static, that it fails to allow firms to determine a cost saving approach, based on the elimination of non-value adding costs and the most efficient course of action elevate to the industry (ESSAY Emissions trading 2010). Low volume, small industries such as dry cleaners and book printers, for example; may feel aggrieved when their carbon assessment is made on the same basis as that of mega profit making high volume industries such as oil and gas extraction or car manufacturers. The smaller industries are sure to comply with the legal requirement concerning carbon emissions in the fear of being penalized substantially. The bigger industries however, may find the penalties very negligible in comparison to the high revenues they generate. This sad tale ensures that small companies remain small, whilst the bigger industries continue to grow. As mentioned by Parry (2004, 35), regulation when used to dictate capital injection towards a given technology or production technique; is criticized for being efficient than substitute alternatives available. Presently, the fines for breaking the EX. carbon law is pegged at 100 euros ($130) per metric ton (1 . 1023 tons) of carbon, for airline companies and 7 euros per metric tones for general manufacturing industries (ESSAY Emissions trading 2010). As stated by Paltrier (2010, 13), laws against the carrying out of deforestation are another form of regulation that target carbon emission reduction. Deforestation is the unwarranted cutting down of trees for logging, mining, oil and gas extraction; cattle ranching or agricultural purposes. You may have wondered, if at all any linkage exists between trees and carbon. How do laws against deforestation achieve carbon reduction? You will be glad to know that trees act as a carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The presence of trees creates a carbon sink which eliminates to greater extent, the excess levels of carbon. When this mechanism however is eliminated, then how will atmospheric carbon subside? The absence of trees would cause an unprecedented exponential growth in Carbon levels. However it is saddening to note that most of the damage has been done already. Did you know that between 1930 and today, Philippines has lost 90% of its rainforests, whilst Madagascar has lost 95% of its rainforests, El Salvador 70-85% of its rainforests due to heavy bombing during the civil war 1984-1985. Sumatra has only 15% of its rainforests left. It appears that substantial damage has been done already, yet still, governments cannot afford to waver in the fight to curb deforestation. It is encouraging to note that some governments have even taken a pro-active approach to not only protect their few remaining forests, but to replenish the depleted ones also. Issues of economic development hinder the effective implementation of deforestation laws. Imagine the impact of halting logging activities in Africa, which are providing employment for millions of people and putting food on the table in thousands of homes. What about the grave effect on their already beset economies; what would it mean for initiatives such as building schools, educating and empowering women on family planning and many other crucial issues? Resultantly, it is no surprise that only 6% of Central Africans forests are protected by law (Laurence et al 2006, 457). Service, to ensure efficiency and marginal carbon emission from the combustion of fuel. Other regulations, such as the U. S Lacey Act 1968, bar the trade of wooden products across international boundaries. The role of government is to provide adequate funding for the effective implementation of these laws and of course to enact the legislation to curb carbon emission (Greenback 2011). Another way of reducing carbon emission as stated by Festoon (10, 4) is the rewarding of development of renewable technologies using wind or the solar energy. The truth of the matter is that, it is relatively costlier in the early years to develop clean technologies. Setup costs are high and most companies are discouraged. However, rewarding the development and use of such technologies would provide incentive for companies to partake. Such reward can be in the form of government subsidy to lower acquisition costs of setup material, the provision of expert engineers to assist in the setup activity, offering loans to clean technology development projects as well as a mere sign of recognition and appreciation. The government will obviously need to cater for these requirements in its national budget. The government is also tasked with rendering support for research into innovative green technologies. The subsidy approach is highly viable as it provides incentive for businesses to develop cleaner technologies, whilst the companys liquidity and cash flow remain relatively unaltered. This entails that companies will continue to enjoy healthy profits whilst, developing cleaner technologies concurrently, or in the case of government loans; spreading the cost of the financing activity which will be eventually offset by rower operating costs in the long run. This approach also ensures a healthy mutually beneficial relationship between the government and business. One drawback however, is that once companies attain such loans, they may not be used entirely to serve the purpose of clean technology development. In Zanzibar, for example, cases have been recorded whereby; some farmers misused loans rendered to them by the Ministry of Agriculture through Agro-Bank, for the purpose of developing wind vanes (Mutagen 2012). Furthermore, resources are not always sufficient enough to provide for this cause. Carbon emission may also be reduced through a federally-imposed carbon tax (Ovenbird 1997). The main idea is that government can use the surplus tax revenue to finance subsidies in the development of selected low-carbon technologies. The chances of any government imposing a new tax however, is somewhere between zero and nil. If carbon is taxed, this will significantly decrease annual profits, repel investors and cause economic recession. The successful imposition of carbon tax would entail that governments possess a whole new pool of subsidy revenue to distribute to industry. Will the tax revenue be used to provide subsidies for clean genealogy development? If at all subsidies are indeed issued, would you trust that they will award them to the right companies, foot the right reason? It is a really a be the most effective strategy? Naked (2003:11) revealed that in Japan, a carbon tax rate of $2. 0/mm Btu case produced an emission rate of 324 mm ETC in the year 2040, attaining a 23% reduction in the emission rate. Without carbon tax imposition however, CO emission in 2040 would be 420 mm ETC (2003) . Without tax return in this case, CO emission rises to 332 mm ETC, producing an 8 mm ETC production compared with the tax return case. Clearly carbon tax, though controversial, can bring the results. Pricing schemes such like the cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme (TEST) can reduce co (Hessian 14,349). The role of government in this case is to set the ground rules. Its role is restricted, and major decisions are made in the private sector. The government establishes an overall emissions cap and assigns specific emissions allocations to the different sources of CO. Industries and companies are free to decide as to what to do or how to meet their allocations. The government needs to engage experts of industry, to come up with a reasonable maximum amount f carbon emission for various respective industries. Furthermore, the government is tasked with providing an accurate and reliable meaner of carbon emission measurement. Furthermore, there is also need to engage with other relevant bodies such as the EX., AU or SEAN. In the case of the European Union member countries for example, governments ought to work together in the implementation of cap-and- trade schemes. The two vital components of cap-and-trade schemes is the cap itself, and its flexibility that allows companies to exchange emissions warrants. The cap is perimeter of carbon emissions imposed by the TEST. The cap is attained by the creation of emissions permits, supplemented by a business requirement for emitters to yield the amount of permits equivalent to their carbon emissions, traditionally on an annual basis. Under an TEST any firm emitting carbon under the permissible perimeter may retain permits equivalent to the amount of its carbon emission, whilst the excess permits may be sold. Presently, carbon permits can be traded at 7 euros a metric ton. Permit price fluctuates according to market volatility, whilst the cap (maximum permissible amount of carbon emission) is fixed. The buying and selling of carbon remits is the second vital aspect of cap-and-trade schemes. One major advantage is that companies can implement carbon abatement at a lower cost than compared to the permit price for excess emissions. This ensures that companies will purchase permits, only when the cost of reducing its emissions surpasses that the purchasing price of permits. Emissions reductions will therefore be attained at the lowest cost to the economy and society at large. Other advantages include the following; predictable annual carbon emissions which allow for economic and carbon forecasting, relatively lesser political barriers than a tax, government can generate venue which can be reinvested through rebates or utilized to provide public goods such as roads and street lighting and companies generate revenue as carbon emissions decline. Cap-and-trade successfully reduced the sulfur oxide emissions that cause acid rain, quickly and cheaply (Roberts 2012) Critics argue that, whilst total carbon emissions are capped the monetary worth thereof remains unspecified as it is determined by several market variables. This meaner that some economic conditions result in a marginal price for permits, which does not provide sufficient incentive for companies to limit their carbon emissions ND sell the excess permits. Another scenario may also occur, where, the market conditions result in a very high price which exceeds that of reducing carbon emissions. The scope and manner of price setting may also result in too many permits may be issued which gives rise to other market imperfections. Industrial nations must reduce their dependence on fossil fuels such as gasoline, oil, and coal as they produce carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping gas that causes global- warming. Industrial countries are liable for most of the worldwide carbon emissions. These countries however, are capable of switching to cutting-edge energy saving cosmologies that produce marginal carbon emissions. Clean, renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro-electricity, can generate sufficient energy without increasing carbon emission (Blackmore 1998). Such technologies need to be deployed much more widely, whilst government policies must encourage their use. Investment should also be directed towards developing and commercialisms clean technologies. The Australian Government for example, invested more than $5 billion in clean energy technologies development since 2000. Such technologies are vital efforts to reduce carbon emissions. (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency) As stated by Dawson (1987,16), transferring Clean Technology to Developing Countries is also necessary for carbon reduction. Leading businesses, international organizations, and the Medics ought to devise a meaner to transfer energy saving technologies to Leads. This enables Leads to develop their economies without using environmentally unfriendly fossil fuel technologies which the Medics are now striving to phase out. As pollution knows no boundaries, it is vital for all world governments to reduce carbon emission. However, this creates a dependency syndrome, where poor countries over-rely on richer countries. African leaders for example, have been criticized for living lavishly, yet failing to bring about economic growth in their countries, which leaves their citizens to survive on donations from Medics and Nos. The government must also initiate behavior change. This can be done through awareness campaigns, media advertising as well as communicated in schools and work places. Did you know that cars, trucks, and buses consume over half of the oil consumed in the United States (Wellhead 2010)? Imagine the impact of substituting traditional vehicles with energy efficient gasoline-powered cars, electric and fuel-cell ears and buses. These measures will lessen CO emissions by using less gasoline. In addition, campaigns may also encourage consumers to make less trips (encourage walking for small errands), use of public transportation, bicycles, and carpools. If we use less energy, less carbon dioxide is produced. Over the past two decades, American industry and consumers started using more-efficient motors, vehicles, appliances, windows, and manufacturing processes. Vast amounts energy and money promote energy efficient products. (Graph showing natural gas reduction of oil reliance- Centre for American Progress 2012) Governments must also slow down population growth, through awareness, family planning, women emancipation and free distribution of contraceptives. Whilst all the aforementioned technological and economic changes can reduce per capita carbon emissions, persistent large population increases will retard emission reduction efforts. The more people there are, the more energy is required. Reducing population growth rate will alleviate carbon reduction efforts. Reducing carbon emission is not an event that can be completed over night; but a process which needs several years to bring fourth results.

5 Re- Words That Arent Repeats

5 Re- Words That Arent Repeats 5 â€Å"Re-† Words That Aren’t Repeats 5 â€Å"Re-† Words That Aren’t Repeats By Mark Nichol The prefix for denoting repetition is re-, but its presence in a word doesn’t necessarily indicate a repeat of an action. Here, as examples, are five words starting with re- that differ in sense from their root words. 1. Rebate: To bate is to deduct or restrain, but the word, used rarely, usually is employed for the latter meaning, often in the jocular phrase â€Å"await with bated breath,† to indicate feigned excitement. Bate is a truncation of abate, which refers to deducting, depriving, moderating, or putting an end to something. To rebate, however, is to return part of a payment as an incentive. Bate is from the Anglo-French word abatre, meaning â€Å"to strike down†; rebate is from rebatre, which derives from abatre but means â€Å"to deduct.† 2. Recapitulate: To capitulate is to acquiesce or surrender, but to recapitulate is to summarize. Capitulate is from the Latin word capitulum, which originally meant â€Å"to distinguish by heads or chapters† in reference to parts of a book (the Latin word for head, caput, is also the basis of chapter); by extension, it came to mean â€Å"to arrange conditions,† as part of a surrender. To recapitulate literally means â€Å"to restate by heads† to repeat the main points. 3. Redress: To dress is to arrange or prepare, usually in the sense of putting clothes on or providing clothes to, though the word also refers to decorating or embellishing, or applying something. To redress, however, means to compensate or remedy, or, rarely, to avenge. Dress is from the Anglo-French term drescer, meaning â€Å"to direct† (it stems from the Latin word directus); redress is from redresser, which means â€Å"to set straight,† as in the sense of rearranging to make right. 4. Resound: To sound is to make a noise, or, when part of a comparative phrase (â€Å"sounds like,† â€Å"sounds as . . . as†), to resemble. To resound means â€Å"to reverberate† or â€Å"to repeat a noise,† though the word most commonly refers to a loud noise or is used as an intensifier to evoke the idea of someone receiving loud accolades (â€Å"a resounding success†). The Latin roots are sonare, meaning â€Å"to sound,† the acronym sonar, from â€Å"sound navigation ranging,† was formed with this precursor in mind and resonare (also the ancestor of resonate), meaning â€Å"to sound again.† 5. Reward: To ward is to deflect or guard (use rarely in verb form, usually in the phrase â€Å"ward off† to describe defending oneself from a blow). To reward is to pay for or to give in acknowledgment. Ward derives from the Old English term weard and the Anglo-French words warde and garde, all stemming from a proto-Germanic ancestor meaning â€Å"guard.† Reward stems from the Anglo-French terms regarder and rewarder, meaning â€Å"to care for, recompense.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SEmail Etiquette7 Proofreading Steps

Free Essays on Reality Found In Rip Van Winkle

Washington Irving’s â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† is a comedic, unordinary tale that raises some interesting points about reality. Despite the tale’s â€Å"fairy tale† like plot, the reader can relate and identify with the story’s sequence of events. In the very beginning, where Diedrich Knickerbocker is introduced, Irving is instilling a sense of reality to this short story. This character is an old, wise gentleman who is very curious of the Dutch history. He is a well-liked man whose opinion is respected. Adding this character provides authenticity to the story by making the reader respect his past writings and opinions. The main character, Rip Van Winkle, is a man to whom many can relate. He is well liked within his community, especially with children, â€Å"The children of village would shout with joy whenever he approached† (430). He is very lazy when it comes to doing any kind of work for himself or his family. His own farm is a disgrace. In fact, â€Å"it was the worst conditioned farm in the neighbourhood† (431). He is lighthearted and loved to help others when they need a helping hand. He is also a favorite of the good wives in town; he participates in the usual female gossip concerning â€Å"family squabbles.† These characteristics of Rip make him well liked by the reader. Later on, the reader feels sympathetic toward Rip for what he must deal with from his wife. Needless to say, Rip’s personality is not well appreciated by his wife, Dame Van Winkle. The reader gets the notion that Rip is not very good at the whole marriage idea due to the fact that Dame is his third wife. It is mentioned that a wife, â€Å"in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; if so, Rip Van Winkle [is] thrice blessed.† (430) Most fairy tales do not include multiple marriages, but these days this is common. Dame was constantly nagging him about his laziness, carelessness and how he was destroying the family. In reality t... Free Essays on Reality Found In Rip Van Winkle Free Essays on Reality Found In Rip Van Winkle Washington Irving’s â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† is a comedic, unordinary tale that raises some interesting points about reality. Despite the tale’s â€Å"fairy tale† like plot, the reader can relate and identify with the story’s sequence of events. In the very beginning, where Diedrich Knickerbocker is introduced, Irving is instilling a sense of reality to this short story. This character is an old, wise gentleman who is very curious of the Dutch history. He is a well-liked man whose opinion is respected. Adding this character provides authenticity to the story by making the reader respect his past writings and opinions. The main character, Rip Van Winkle, is a man to whom many can relate. He is well liked within his community, especially with children, â€Å"The children of village would shout with joy whenever he approached† (430). He is very lazy when it comes to doing any kind of work for himself or his family. His own farm is a disgrace. In fact, â€Å"it was the worst conditioned farm in the neighbourhood† (431). He is lighthearted and loved to help others when they need a helping hand. He is also a favorite of the good wives in town; he participates in the usual female gossip concerning â€Å"family squabbles.† These characteristics of Rip make him well liked by the reader. Later on, the reader feels sympathetic toward Rip for what he must deal with from his wife. Needless to say, Rip’s personality is not well appreciated by his wife, Dame Van Winkle. The reader gets the notion that Rip is not very good at the whole marriage idea due to the fact that Dame is his third wife. It is mentioned that a wife, â€Å"in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; if so, Rip Van Winkle [is] thrice blessed.† (430) Most fairy tales do not include multiple marriages, but these days this is common. Dame was constantly nagging him about his laziness, carelessness and how he was destroying the family. In reality t...

Writing Position paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing Position paper - Assignment Example Technically, Puget Sound is the area of water east of Admiralty Inlet where the ocean comes along the Pacific Coast providing ports for ocean transportation in cities such as Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia, Washington (http://www.gonorthwest.com/washington/puget/Puget_Sound.htm). However, Puget Sound also refers to the inland port cities and towns. The Puget Sound inland area has one of the worst traffic congestion problems in the nation. In fact, drivers in this area are in the top third in terms of time lost due to waiting in traffic. This is not a list a region wants to top. Adding to the challenge is the fact that the Puget Sound area has had a large increase in population and the highest unemployment rate the area has seen in years. This means that traffic occurs at all hours, not just the traditional rush hours as one would expect (Cole, 2000). If the government officials of Puget Sound would allow the development of toll roads in the area, this would greatly reduce the amount of traffic congestion in the area. The Puget Sound’s current transportation network of roads and highways was built in the 1960’s. The population of the area is now 60% higher than it was when the roads were built. There has been little change over the years to keep up with the demand of more drivers on the road (Washington Policy Center, 2011). This is obviously the major reason that traffic gridlock is such an issue. Too many people, not enough room on the roads and not enough roads to drive on pretty much sums of the problem of the traffic in Puget Sound. Aware that the level of traffic congestion in the Puget Sound area is a real problem, the Puget Sound Regional Council, took on the project of developing a transportation plan to analyze how best to address the traffic issues. The issues that the planners faced are funding, how best to expand the current

Environmental Scan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Scan - Essay Example Identification and Analyzing of External Environment Factors The most important external environmental factor of a non-profit organization can be identified through analyzing the issues directly related to the organizations’ operational efficiency in the particular industry. The first important factor affecting TDL Ventures is that of the financial issues. It is important to analyze whether the funds generated for accomplishing the organization’s goals are adequate or not. The essential task related to this factor is to satisfy the founder providing the money for the purpose. For mitigating the risk associated with this factor, TDL Ventures has overviewed and assessed costs associated with activities related towards delivery of services to the clients. On assessment of these issues, TDL Ventures can be stated to be in a position to carry the costs of its service within the non-profit social service industry in the US. The second most important external factor for TDL Ve ntures is the notion of both governmental and non-governmental organizations towards these social service organizations. It is, in fact, true that government and non government organizations confer a caustic overview towards these non profit organizations. This factor was a challenge for TDL Ventures during the time of its incorporation. However, pertaining to the level of importance of this specific social service to the people, the organization found adequate founders for its operations and is gradually leading to its success path (Handy & Ranade, 2000). The third most important external factor is related to the social issues governing the operation of a non profit organization. Traditionalistic cultures of the society are an influencing factor for successful operation of TDL Ventures (Twombly, 2011). Traditions prevailing within the society (either positive or negative) were required to be analyzed for effective identification of those factors. It was observed from identification process of the traditionalism that a certain portion of the society was supportive towards its existence while on the other hand, certain other portion was in an ambiguous position towards its existence. For copping up with this situation, TDL Ventures utilized several initiatives related to welfare reforms of the society and in the due course of time the society accepted its existence. At the same time, it was also required for TDL Ventures to make an assessment of cost-benefit position with regard to the societal factors. The societal cost incurred for bringing the organization into existence was to be compared with the societal benefits to be acquired from its operations. It was found from the comparison that social benefits in the form of providing a healthy lifestyle to the blind people in the society was much more than that of the costs initially encountered for the foundation of TDL Ventures (Business Studies Online, 2002). Identification and Analyzing of TDL Venture’ s Internal Strengths and Weaknesses TDL Ventures holds a strong workforce which is determined towards the achievement of its goals, both short-term as well as long-term. TDL Ventures similar to any other non profit organizations enjoys benefits from its external environmental issues as well, apart from its internal strengths. However, it is also true that it is

The Impact of Advertising on Women Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Advertising on Women Essay Everyday of our lives, we are exposed to dozens of advertisements, whether it be on television, the radio, in magazines, on billboards or signs, or anywhere else that companies try to reach us in an effort to promote the products they sell. Advertisers appeal to our hopes, dreams, wants and desires, and exploit our insecurities in an effort to sell us a product, ranging from cars, to household appliances, to a bottle of shampoo. Advertising affects everyone, whether they acknowledge it or not, and it often promotes something that is out of reach to the average person, such as great wealth, or a perfect body. Advertising often carries an overload or excess of meaning, such as statements of power, wealth, leisure, and sexual allure, and they also convey meanings of race and gender. (â€Å"Introduction: Media Studies†) As this paper will demonstrate, advertising is an extremely powerful tool which has the ability to change the way we perceive ourselves. Of particular interest is the effect that advertising has on women. Women are continually bombarded by advertisements in which they are told, directly or indirectly, that they must be thin in order to be beautiful, and they are marketed products that they are led to believe will help them achieve their desired body image of being thin. Women become convinced that they must look like sexy all the time, when in reality, it is almost impossible. Women often begin dieting in order to attain the perfect body that they are striving for, and they occasionally undertake more extreme measures to lose weight, such as bulimia or anorexia, all because they are led to believe, by advertising, that they must have a perfect body. Women are also sexually objectified in advertising, and viewed as merely sexual objects. This paper will explore in depth how women are portrayed in advertising and, more importantly, the impact which it has on them. In western culture, a slender physique has come to be regarded as the standard of feminine beauty; although it is an unrealistic benchmark for nearly all women. The average woman has a seven percent chance that she will be as slim as a catwalk model, and an even lesser chance that she will be as thin as a supermodel. (Konrad, 2008) A 2000 study found that the body fat of models and actresses is, on average, 10 percent less than that of a typical active, healthy woman. (â€Å"Behind the Hype: Dove’s Real Beauty Campaign†) The models that companies use in advertising are also getting thinner relative to the average population. Twenty years ago, models weighed 8 percent less than the average woman. Today, they weigh 23% less than the average female population. (â€Å"Beauty and Body Image in the Media†) However, these truths do not stop women from trying to attain the perfection they see in every day advertisements. Since advertising continually implies that women should be slender, those who do not have this particular body type often suffer from low self esteem and hold a negative self image of their body. After a study in which women viewed sexual and non-sexual ads, the women who viewed the sexual ads rated themselves as being larger, on average, than the women who viewed the non-sexual ads, and women who viewed the sexual ads also expressed greater dissatisfaction over their current physique than the women who watched the non-sexual ads. (Tygart) George Lipsitz has argued that consumer culture and media representations play a greater role than ever in defining identities. (â€Å"Just Do It†) When women see thinness represented in advertising, they would like to look like the models they see and have that same identity that is being shown to them. In addition to women feeling pressure to conform to the desired body type due to their constant exposure to it in advertising, they also are under pressure to attain the perfect body because they believe it is what men feel they must look like. According to a study published in American Behavioural Scientist (Choi et al. , 2008), women are able to realize that the images of supermodels that they see in advertisements are unrealistic and they recognize that they will not be able to attain the body of a supermodel. However, these same women feel that men who view these advertisements will not be able to ascertain the fact that the body types shown are unrealistic. Since women feel that men cannot discern the unrealistic nature of the female body that is presented in advertisements, they feel that men will expect them to meet the standards of beauty portrayed in these ads. Consequently, this leads women to desire to look like the models they see in advertisements, not necessarily because they want to, but because they believe that men view it as realistic and attainable. As stated by Choi, et al. (2008), â€Å"Women are influenced by unrealistic media imagery because they are well aware that men will view those images as real, and value them. † It is argued that, although women know the images shown to them in advertising are unrealistic, they are unable to ignore them, because of the threat of men judging their bodies. Since advertising has the effect of making women desire a thin, slender body that is almost impossible to attain, they frequently make radical efforts in an attempt to get it. An astonishing 75 percent of women who are a normal weight feel that they are in fact overweight. The Anorexia Nervosa Related Eating Disorders research group states that one in four college aged women undertakes unhealthy methods of weight control, ranging from skipping meals and laxative abuse, to self induced vomiting. (â€Å"Beauty and Body Image in the Media†) It has also been estimated that magazines directed to a female audience contain over ten times as many advertisements promoting weight loss than men’s magazines do, advocating a variety of solutions, from diet pills to cosmetic surgery. Researchers have shown that this advertising has led to an increase in eating disorders. (Choi, et al. , 2008) Teenage girls who already claimed to be dissatisfied with their body image showed a higher tendency towards dieting and bulimic behaviours after prolonged exposure to advertisements in a teen girl magazine. (â€Å"Eating Disorders: Body Image and Advertising†) Self-image is often affected in teenage girls because they cannot escape the message that their bodies are imperfect. â€Å"A Girl of Many Parts†) Many researchers believe that advertisers want women to feel insecure and disappointed with their body shape, since this will create the desire for an unattainable body that will increase the consumption of products that companies are trying to sell, such as skin care creams, weight loss supplements, and others. Paul Hamburg, a professor at Harvard Medical School, states: â€Å"The media markets desire. And by reproducing ideals that are absurdly out of line w ith what real bodies do look like, the media perpetuates a market for frustration and disappointment. Its customers will never disappear. † (â€Å"Eating Disorders: Body Image and Advertising†) In terms of sexual objectification, women agreed that they were sexually objectified in advertising, however, contrary to popular belief, younger women appear to no longer have an issue with it. The â€Å"third wave† of feminism today embraces sexuality, and views sex as power. (Dahlberg Zimmerman, 2008) Many feminists now believe it is acceptable for women to use their glamour to their advantage, as long as they are doing it out of their own free will. According to a recent study, young, educated women are not offended by the sexual objectification of women in advertising, which may be a product of the highly sexualized culture we live in today. (Dahlberg Zimmerman, 2008) Although women are deeply affected by how models appear in advertisements, by their desire to want to look like them, the women of today no longer appear to be affected by the sexuality in advertising, and in many cases, they are embracing it. To conclude the efforts, if any, which are being made to change the portrayal of women in advertising should be examined. Although advertising on the whole is still relatively unchanged with respect to its portrayal of women, some companies have altered the message they send about beauty and changed their advertising to reflect this change. An example is Dove, and its Real Beauty advertising campaign. Dove launched the Real Beauty campaign in response to a study it undertook among females aged 18 to 64, the majority of whom felt that advertising set an unrealistic standard of beauty for women that is nearly impossible to achieve. â€Å"Behind the Hype: Dove’s Real Beauty Campaign†) The ads featured the use of everyday women instead of professional models, and images that were not airbrushed in any way. The campaign has been well-received and led to an 11. 4% increase in Dove’s sales in early 2005, although, some critics stated that the campaign promotes obesity in a time when many Americans are struggling with weight issues. Since Dove introduced the â€Å"Real Beauty† advert ising campaign, both Nike and Levi’s released similar campaigns, featuring everyday people as opposed to models. â€Å"Behind the Hype: Dove’s Real Beauty Campaign†) It remains to be seen whether this trend will continue into the future, but at the very least it demonstrates that companies are beginning to provide an alternative to the advertising they had used in the past. In summation, advertising plays a considerable role in how women regard themselves and in their perceptions of how they should look. Advertisers use models with a physique that all but the few, most genetically gifted women could ever attain. As previously stated, he average model has a body fat percentage which is 10 percent less than that of a typical healthy, active woman, and supermodels, on average, weigh 23 percent less than the average woman. After viewing advertisements featuring supermodels, women often feel worse about themselves and begin to suffer from poor self-image and low self-esteem. Even a small amount of exposure to advertising has been demonstrated to make this occur; although women are exposed to hundreds of advertisements on a weekly basis. However, women no longer appear to be affected by the sexual objectification they see in advertising, which has been attributed to the third wave of feminism and the sexually charged culture that we live in. Women also feel pressure to look like a supermodel because, although, they often realize that what is advertised to them is not realistic, they believe that men do not realize this and want regular women to look like the models they see in advertisements. This leads women to seek out that body type, since they feel that men expect it from them. Women undertake everything from common methods of weight loss such as dieting to extreme measures such as anorexia to achieve the body that advertisers tell them they must have. The dissatisfaction they have with their bodies leads them to consume the products that advertisers are marketing to them. One company, Dove has taken a major step forward in its advertising, by using everyday people who have a normal body type in its â€Å"Real Beauty† campaign, and other companies have followed suit with similar advertising, but the majority of advertising still promotes an unrealistic body type as being ideal and desired. Until this changes, women will continue to hold on to the desire to look like a supermodel, however unrealistic that may be, they will continue to go to great distances to turn that farfetched dream into a reality.

The Case For Work For The Dole :: essays research papers

Youth faces an uncertain future - it always has in one way or another. The progression from parental dependency to self-sufficiency and independence has always been (and will continue to be) a difficult one. The stresses of successfully completing high school are compounded by peer pressure, personal and family relationship problems, and the natural problems inherent in being an adolescent. As well, today, moreso than in yesteryear, there is an ever-present temptation to turn to drugs and alcohol, either as an escape route, or in order to cope with it all. Doing well at school does not guarantee a future career path, even if the correct choices are known and made. "Starting at the bottom" no longer means that you will get to the top one day. Today, people in their 40s and 50s are being made redundant from positions they once justifiably regarded as being secure until retirement. And competition is strong. Each year it becomes stronger - each year thousands more students join the ranks of the unemployed, and long term unemployment, especially amongst youth, is a real problem. The Government's "Work for the Dole" Scheme is a much-needed positive step that is helping youth make the transition from student, to unemployed, to employee. Each year 25,000 places in the Scheme are available, 20,000 of which are set aside for young people. Under the Scheme, unemployed people perform work (from 12 to 15 hours per week) in return for their fortnightly unemployment benefit. Participation is for a maximum of six months for people unemployed for a period of more than six months. People aged 17 to 21 are required to work for two six-hour days per week, and people aged 21 and over are required to work for 21/2 six-hour days per week. An extra $10 per week is paid to the participant to allow for extra costs incurred relating to transportation, and child minding facilities are available if necessary. Time off from the scheme can be arranged for attendance at interviews for paid employment. In order to reach those most in need of assistance, participation in the Scheme is compulsory. This is necessary so that the chances of success can be maximised to provide the most benefit to participants.It may be of concern to some that the compulsory nature of the Scheme undermines the altruism inherent in volunteer work. Some may fear that it will lead to resentment, lack of cooperation and poor motivation by those forced to take part under threat of diminished or no social security payment.

Business Ethics Tyco International Essay

Description of Organization and Product Tyco International Ltd. is a corporation with official headquarters based in Pembroke, Bermuda but the company maintains operational headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey. Tyco has grown into a multi-billion dollar company (scattered in over 100 countries) — with revenue of $41.0 billion USD (2006) to boast. Founded in 1960 by Arthur J. Rosenberg, Tyco was birthed when Rosenberg opened a laboratory intended for research and experimental works catered for government use. Incorporated by 1962 as Tyco Laboratories, it shifted its focus to developing scientific materials as well as energy conversion products, which now caters for the commercial sector. Tyco is a manufacturing and service conglomerate which is involved in a variety of products ranging from electronics, fire and security services, healthcare, aerospace, and some industrial products. For instance, its passive and active electronic components are found in computers, aerospace, automobiles, industrial machines, and household appliances among others. Under its fire protection and electronic security operations, it is responsible for designing, manufacturing, and installing products as well as providing services in these areas. Part of Tyco’s Healthcare business involves medical, pharmaceutical, surgical, imaging, and respiratory products. The company also manufactures industrial valves, and fire sprinklers thereby giving services in residential and industrial settings (â€Å"Tyco: Our Business†). It also provides services — consultation on engineering and construction management, including operating services. Through one of its subsidies, the company also has an integrated system used for the tracking and controlling public transportation system, tunnels, and bridges. Furthermore, Tyco is involved in the monitoring of systems of burglar & fire alarms, and on medical alert systems where 24-hour monitoring and response is necessary. Tyco is also engaged in buying steel and resin in the United States, as well as copper, gold, zinc, brass, paper, ink, cotton, wax, chemicals and additives. Other products purchased by the group are foil, copper clad materials, adhesives, and cloth. As of 2005, Tyco is responsible for employing about 247,900 people in its company (â€Å"Company Research: Tyco International Ltd.†). Tyco’s phenomenal growth can be traced back in the late 1980s when the company engaged in a number of acquisitions in some major companies such as ADT, Siemens Electrochemical Components, Thorn Security, and Mueller Company. But it was not until the 1990s and the subsequent years that Tyco became more aggressive in its acquisition strategy under Dennis Kozlowski as CEO. In a span of about eleven years (from 1991 to 2001), Tyco has reportedly acquired 1000 other companies. It was in 1997 that Tyco made the controversial shift of headquarters from Massachusetts to Bermuda, after the company’s acquisition of ADT.   ADT Limited has its origins which can be traced way back in the 1900s in the United Kingdom and by 1980s was restructured under the laws of Bermuda. Although part of the merger, since ADT was incorporated in Bermuda, it was still perceived as a shrewd move to avoid taxes. Shareholder and investors were later informed of this tax advantage. A partial list of Tyco’s products and its brands: AMP for its electronic components and cables RAYCHEM for circuit protection devices Ansul, Total Weather, Skum & Sabo for fire fighting products Kendall, Monoject, Shiley for medical supplies Simplex Grinnell, Wormald for fire sprinklers OpenSky and EDACS for critical communications systems Violation / People Involved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 1990s, the company continued to show a stable and steady rise in income. But by 1999, rumors of accounting irregularities began to leak with charges directed against Tyco’s top executives: Dennis Kozlowski (former chairman and chief executive), Mark H. Swartz (former chief financial officer), and Mark Belnick (former general counsel). These accusations were vehemently denied by the company’s leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was not until January of 2002 that prosecutors found Kozlowski guilty of tax evasion for his art purchases. Investigators later followed a trail of lavish expenditures, thereby making Kozlowski’s tax evasion scheme a mere ‘tip of the iceberg’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eight months later, these three men were arrested and tried before the New York State Supreme Court. Kozlowski and Swartz were charged of robbing the company of about $600 million with the aid of Belnick. They were found guilty of treating Tyco as a personal bank account, stealing worth of $170 million through company loans and $430 million worth of fraudulent sales of securities without the company’s shareholders knowledge (â€Å"Three Tyco Execs Indicted for Fraud†). Kozlowski was found guilty of masterminding a series of ethical violations, by misusing corporate funds for relocation and executive loan programs. Since 1996 up to 2002, these two men awarded themselves hundreds of millions of dollars with low or no-interest loans usually from Tyco’s Key Employee Corporate Loan Program (KELP). The company explicitly defined the purpose of the program. Tyco’s KELP was designed to provide loan assistance for Tyco key employees to pay their taxes when investing upon Tyco’s common stock. Of the $270 million that Kozlowski took through KELP loans (from 1997 to 2002), about $29,000,000 only were used for taxes because of the result of the vesting of Tyco stock. The rest of the money were improperly used for self-serving interests such as acquiring luxury apartments and estates, expensive artworks, estate jewelry, a yacht, and spending about $100 million for a lavish party for his second wife. Also, Kozlowski is now notoriously known for owning a gold-laced shower curtain worth $6,000 — a picture for his lavish lifestyle. He also used KELP funds to finance his own personal investments and other business ventures, deliberately violating the program’s purpose. Swartz also misappropriated about $85,000,000 dollars from the company’s KELP loans during these same periods. Following from Kozlowski’s example, he too appropriated only about $13,000,000 dollars to cover taxes as a result from the vesting of Tyco stock. Swartz misappropriated the remaining $72,000,000 dollars for self-serving purposes such as financing his own business investments, and the purchasing of real estate holdings and trusts. Kozlowski and Swartz were also guilty of deceitful acts by deliberately failing to disclose in their annual Director & Officer Questionnaire (â€Å"D&O Questionnaire†), which are given to Tyco’s senior executives, the information of these loans — much less the manner of which how these KELP loans were used. Tyco’s shareholders were deceived by Kozlowski and Swartz’s failure to reveal these important facts on the company’s Form 10-K and proxy statements. The company also has a relocation loan program since 1995, to give assistance to its employees who were affected when it moved its offices to New York City from New Hampshire and later to Florida. Kozlowski and Swartz also enriched themselves by availing of relocation loans and spending it for purposes not covered by the program. Of the $46,000,000 dollars which Kozlowski amassed from the relocation loan, $18,000,000 was spent to buy a waterfront compound in Boca Raton and an estimated $7,000,000 Park Avenue apartment for his previous wife. Swartz spent $6,500,000 to purchase an apartment on New York City’s Upper East Side; $17 M for a waterfront compound also in Boca Raton; and the rest of the funds were used in purposes not authorized by the program. They were also accountable for repeatedly classifying and reclassifying their debts to the company, and even moving on to authorizing transactions by which their millions of dollars of KELP and relocation loans were forgiven and written off the company’s books. They also instructed others to falsify the company’s books and records in order to conceal these violations. Swartz also enriched himself by selling his New Hampshire real estate to a Tyco subsidiary for $305,000, but in which the Tyco subsidiary sold it at a far lower price about two years later from its purchase. Swartz purposely did not disclose this transaction from Tyco’s investors. Both Kozlowski and Swartz abused company perquisites from Tyco — such as causing the company to purchase luxurious apartments and stay in it rent-free and made use of Tyco corporate aircraft in purposes unrelated to the company’s business. The former CEO also misused Tyco’s funds by releasing large amounts of charitable donations in his own name, and all the while failed to disclose and report these facts to investors, as mandated by the federal securities laws. While possessing material information, Swartz engaged in fraudulent sales of Tyco stocks through family business partnerships. Both men lied to Tyco’s auditors by signing management representation letters which avowed the absence of fraudulent acts from significant employees involved in Tyco’s internal control. Belnick, Tyco’s former chief legal officer, amassed millions of dollars from Tyco through similar violations committed by Kozlowski and Swartz (T Newkirk, J Coffman, R Kaplan, D Frohlich, and J Weiner. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). Explanation of the Outcome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two former top Tyco executives received 8 1/3 to 25 years of prison-sentence after being tried before a New York state court, after it’s first resulted in a mistrial. They were found guilty of siphoning and misappropriating company funds during their stint as Tyco’s top executives. This was considered as one of the biggest ethical violations in a series of white-collar crimes that has tainted and eroded public confidence in the US corporate landscape. As a result, Kozlowski and Swartz served their terms in New York state prison, a case which differs greatly from other convicted corporate executives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other convicted corporate executives such as Adelphia’s John Rigas, or Martha Stewart served their prison sentences in a federal prison. Often dubbed as â€Å"Club Feds† or â€Å"Camp Cupcake†, federal prison conditions could appear like a ‘boarding school’ —- there are no bars and some are even offering facilities like tennis courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In stark contrast, state prison do not offer such ‘luxuries’ and the gravest issue could boil down even to the inmate’s safety. It usually houses criminals convicted of rape, murder and other violent offenses —- one reason which explains its unsafe condition and which makes tight security a necessity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While others may see this conviction too harsh for a white-collar crime, Kozlowski and Swartz cannot escape their fate since their case began as a state investigation for trying to evade about $1,000,000 dollars worth of tax payment for acquiring expensive artworks by Renoir, Monet and other celebrated painters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, this has come upon the government’s stand of placing stricter measures on its effort of cracking down corruption in the corporate scene (K. Crawford. â€Å"For Kozlowski, An Especially Grim Future†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a former SEC prosecutor, the sentences for white-collar criminals are getting tougher and judges’ former tendency to give them milder treatment is fast disappearing. While Kozlowski is credited for building up Tyco’s multi-billion dollar industrial empire, which used to give an impressive and illustrious career — rising from being an ordinary employee to become Tyco’s chief executive officer, his crime is also credited as the grandest (so far) in scale and amount of thievery in corporate history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While some would protest about the usefulness of long prison sentences given to white-collar criminals, especially when they are towards the age of retirement. However, there is an inescapable trend among state and federal courts to give longer years of prison-conviction. Whereas in the early 1990s, when such crimes were new and few, a certain convicted salesman received eight years reduction in his 10-year term, an equivalent of 22 months in jail (L. Lazaroff. â€Å"Ex-Tyco Executives Get Up To 25 Years: Kozlowski, Swartz also to pay millions in restitution, fines†). Kozlowski is serving his prison sentence at Midstate Correctional Facility in Marcy, N.Y., located outside of Syracuse of N.Y.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, there has been a great shift of change. Opinion of the Outcome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the aftermath of the Enron, Adelphia, Tyco and other high profile business scandals which prove that ethical violations can pose a serious and costly risk for a business entity’s ability to grow or thrive. As demonstrated by Kozlowski, Swartz and Belnick —- the collapse of integrity could cost hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars for its company to cover extra expenses such as litigation, fines, damage of company reputation, subsequent loss of client’s trust, decline in sales, and the process for damage-control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While this indictment against Kozlowski and his accomplices seem severe when it received as much punishment as those who commit violent crimes, but given the substantial amount stolen, the consequent loss of wealth due to erosion of public trust, and costly lawsuits — the benefits of giving such harsh convictions would serve as a deterrent for future losses. It is also the government’s responsibility to restore confidence among investors towards corporate entities in order for these institutions to survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kozlowski’s shot for â€Å"dizzying success† (even using fraudulent and criminal means) was fed in part by Wall Street’s hero worship of ‘rock star’ CEOs. However, in light of a string of corporate scandals, leaders must be emulated for their ability to ‘shepherd’ their company and provide examples of living up to ethical standards themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This outcome also brings the much needed transformation on government (such as the Sarbeans-Oxley Act) and company policies pertaining to how business is conducted by those who serve them. While most of the focus is on the violators, the rippling effects of such crimes could threaten the financial security of millions of the company’s employees and their families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Companies, in lieu of the scandal, have now placed greater importance of training its employees to make ethical decisions which would cultivate a corporate culture founded on trust and integrity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This case also helped to strengthen greater consciousness for the need to fight corruption in a global scale. The United Nations signed a new treaty in its bid to fight corruption worldwide. This covers not only government officials but is applied to the private sector as well (â€Å"United Nations Convention Against Corruption†). The Organization Today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rebounding from the moral crises that swept its top executives, along with other companies, there has been greater commitment for transparency among the new management performers in Tyco and other companies. These are corporate leaders who have built a track record of excellent performance and who have been practicing high ethical standards. All efforts are geared toward rebuilding the company’s reputation, public and investor’s trust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Edward D. Breen became Tyco’s new CEO in July 2002, he took a bold step in his sweeping reform to re-establish credibility and faith to the company, which included firing the Board of Directors that hired him.   Of the 500 employees in Tyco’s Princeton, N.J. headquarters, as much as 480 are newly hired since Breen breezed in to Tyco’s management scene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although at first, Breen found the company in confusion, low morale among its employees, and about to face a cash shortage because of an $11 billion debt due a year after, Tyco has a good foundation due to Tyco’s acquisition of a number of stable businesses (S. Lohr. â€Å"New Strategies Changing Face of Corporate Scandal†). This separates Tyco from much of the companies who suffered the same fate from dishonest dealings by its top executives most of which filed for bankruptcy. Tyco was able to recover from the crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a public announcement made last January 13, 2006, Tyco International is divided into three business segments: Tyco Healthcare, Tyco Electronics, and Tyco Fire & Security, and Tyco Engineered Products & Services (TFS/TEPS). Each has operations separate from each other and possesses their own set of board of directors, executives, and financial structure. By February 6, 2007, Tyco has revenue of $41 billion and currently employing about 250,000 people in different countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite being in the process of splitting into three major companies, Tyco International Ltd. still saw an increase of net earnings of up to 43 % or a profit rise of about $793 million due to great demand especially for its electronics and security devices. Company profit taken from continuing operations is up on 37 cents per share – a performance which proved better than Wall’s Street’s forecasts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among Tyco’s four divisions, three reported an increase in sales and better operating profits for the first quarter of this year; with its heal-care the only segment which handed in a lower yield in profit due to the company’s restructuring measures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco is preparing to push on its health-care and electronics divisions by the second quarter. It is gearing up for more aggressive measures as it sees a favorable global economic environment for this year, being optimistic to avail a rise of 6 to 7 percent in sales.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco’s shares have even achieved more than 30% over the previous year, twice than the rise of Standard & Poor’s 500 index. Another measure of its success- Tyco’s stock price rose to $33.21 on the New York Stock Exchange from its $8 value just right after the scandal (â€Å"Tyco’s Net Earnings Jump 43%†). References:    â€Å"Tyco: Our Business†. http://www.tyco.com/ â€Å"Company Research: Tyco International Ltd.†. The New York Times. February 16, 2007. http://custom.marketwatch.com/custom/nyt-com/html-companyprofile.asp?MW=http://marketwatch.nytimes.com/custom/nyt-com/html-companyprofile.asp&symb=TYC&sid=42806#compinfo â€Å"Three Tyco Execs Indicted for Fraud†. CNN.com/BUSINESS. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/BUSINESS/asia/09/12/us.tyco/ Newkirk T, Coffman J, Kaplan R, Frohlich D, Weiner J. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaint/complr 17722.htm Crawford, K. â€Å"For Kozlowski, An Especially Grim Future†. CNNMoney.com   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://money.cnn.com/2005/06/21/news/newsmakers/prisons_state/ Lazaroff, Leon. â€Å"Ex-Tyco Executives Get Up To 25 Years: Kozlowski, Swartz also to pay millions in restitution, fines. Chicago Tribune. September 20, 2005. â€Å"United Nations Convention Against Corruption†.   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://untreaty.un.org/English/notpubl/Corruption_E.pdf Lohr, S. â€Å"New Strategies Changing Face of Corporate Scandal†. New York Times News Service. June 4, 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050604/news_1b4scandals.html â€Å"Tyco’s Net Earnings Jump 43%†. February 6, 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://money.cnn.com/2007/02/06/news/companies/bc.tyco.results.reut/index.htm

Chris Mccandless s Into The Wild - 1570 Words

Chris McCandless and Holden Caulfield are two boys who both disagree with their current societies and decide to escape to discover their identities. In Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandless never seems to regret his decision to leave, while Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye begins appreciating his life more and shortly returns home to his family. After leaving the comfort and security of their homes, Chris McCandless feels finally liberated from society, whereas Holden Caulfield realizes that he is too young and immature to survive on his own. Through their journeys to escape their unhealable wounds, both boys realize that life is meant to be lived with others. Chris McCandless despises the society he lives in. He loathes the fact that monetary items and tangible possessions are valued over things like love and joy. 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