Popular Music in Film | Research

habitual medical specialty in Film ResearchIntroductionThis study aims to unscathed t iodin into be usual euphony in motion picture, its give and rear inside young buck fashioning, with express entertain in determining whether or non it clear freshly be compargond and judged along side to a greater extent(prenominal) conventional original scoring techniques as an artistic exclusivelyy viable core by which to tag on depth and further weight to the image, or if it is hardly a cheap and easy means by which to chronicle a guide. In Ronald Rodmans essay The hold of familiar euphony as leitmotiv in 1990s motion-picture show, he states that inwardly the hands of a skilled managing director and unison editor, the physical exercise of preexisting usual symphony toilet be utilise to convey narrative hithertots and char corresponders in a expression identical to undefiledal Hollywood scoring. However, the devil exist at opposite blockades of a adva nced(a)ist/post modist continuum. With the Hollywood score sphere valued for its original and motion-picture show specific uniqueness and the shew score universe valued for its king to redefine and recycle its self-importance when apply well, it offers a live again feeling, that allows the melody to transcend its original form, and fall upon legitimate merit indoors the context of the image. (Rodman, from the compiled essay collection Changing Tunes The Use of preexist Music in Film (2005 135)This study does non refer to a specific question requiring a final answer, instead aims to explore whether or not the base of recycled practice of medicine in truth postal service transcend its self in skilled hands, and if the exercising of commonplace unison in moving picture has be generate utilize much widely and in a more(prenominal)(prenominal) sophisticated fashion following its emergence in many another(prenominal) darts of the 1990s. I besides intend on projecting into the work produced when artists more formal within the realms of prevalent symphony, try their hand writing original music for pip, and if this combination of fill specific, more handed-d witness scored music and the unalike approaches that general music and those more schooled in its construction female genital organ bring to the bow with regards to an original score, is truly the definitive counselling to create an elicit, evoke and truly brilliant rig of work that does what all good score should achieve, likewise not notwithstanding enhance the image, but to stand strong on its own as piece of work in its own right. By exploring the research of others with original research and purviews of my own, I intend to come to a personal conclusion regarding the matter.This investigation is passing hightail it to be based approximately the initial idea that favorite music has a valuable and reclaimable place within modern film making, however, due t o it oft being utilise in a lazy and not fully thought by means of manner, it has become nigh what whole toneed down upon with in the strong lodge, being seen simply as a means for cheap laughs, a pleasant way to pad bring show up the background music of a paroxysmry and as a way to add more marketability to a film . In light of this generally accepted opinion of popular musics place in film, and its viewing in such a negative light, I conjure up to look into how and why this view exists, despite countless specimens of it being drug abuse to great forcefulness within a film and how in recent years, the trend for recruiting the skills of popular musicians to construct original material specifically for film is not only the next step in popular musics place in cinema, but its creative apex.This investigation, through and through the course of its tierce chief(prenominal) chapters, intends to look cosyly at popular musics place within modern cinema, how it has arriv ed there, where it can go from here, and if it can be seen as important and usable as classical means of film scoring.I intend on flavor into the following points through out the course of this investigationChapter 1 Popular music and Modern CinemaHow the genesis of both(prenominal) popular music and cinema are inherently cerebrate to one another(prenominal) and a muck up-pollination betwixt the mediums has ceaselessly been inevitableHow popular music as score differs from tralatitious scores in what it does within a film.The potential (both positive and negative) that preexist material brings to a film, from its ability to comment add extra levels to a film through its lyrical satisfy and its al desexualize established place in the cosmos subconscious mind through to the diachronic and social abilities it has in helping define eras and public attitudes when necessary. I shall look at the use of The Doors pains The End in Apocalypse at one timeadays (Francis Ford Coppola, 1984) in order to explore thisThe mightful imprinting burden that the correct piece of popular music and the correct visuals can crap on one another, combining in such a way that they elevate both straining and video to a completely wise level of meaning, operating on many more levels than they would suck through speciately. I Shall look at Roy Orbisons In Dreams within the movies gloomy velvety (David Lynch 1982)Chapter 2 Popular music as leitmotiv attend to into how popular music has adopted the traditional film scoring technique, leitmotif. look the manner in which popular musics use denotatively and connotatively through leitmotif differs from the classic score, how it is not relied upon the actual repetition of specific themes that connect characters and narrative, but divergee a the repetition of styles of music or their social context.Investigate cardinal films that use popular music as leitmotif, Shaun of The Dead (Edgar Wright,2004) and Pulp Fiction ( Quentin Tarantino, 1992) and how their practice of the technique differs to one another.Chapter 3 The Popular Musician as ComposerInvestigate, through existing examples within movies, of popular musicians being either being used to write film specific music for cinema or actually constructing an original score tailor do for a film, and if these approaches herald different results and opportunities to scores constructed by more traditional composition methods.Conclusion talk of an all over view of my investigation, come to a personal evaluation of whether popular musics place within cinemas audio landscape is viable as artistically expressive and appropriate as a method of scoring.Chapter 1 Popular Music and Modern CinemaPopular music, since the late 1970s has come to hold a particularly interesting and powerful position amongst the many visual media forms that exist, and though a large majority of these forms that drive home mutated and cross pollinated as a result of the ris e of various technologies and the prominence of popular music as a form of cultural expression, are chiefly used as tools of marketing (music videos, television spots and advertisements), it possess a unique functioning purpose within the medium of film, only in dramatic film and television are popular poems used in order to help tell a sustained narrative spirit level a role that has traditionally been played by commissioned melodious score (Wright, Popular music and Film, 20038)Its hardly surprising that popular music has come to be used as such within film, though at their about fundamental levels they operate as two quit different forms of expression, the trajectories both have travel along through the primordial twentieth ascorbic acid show striking similarities to one another, to quote Ian Inglis in his introduction to Popular Film and Music (2003)The genesis of both came more or less as a direct result of late nineteenth century techno analytic developments, both pre dominantly rely on a parvenue type of mass audience sharing a common interest, both started with humble beginnings as novelties to expand and become some of the largest industries in the world with colossal annual turnovers, both have been approached and consumed from perspectives that have allowed them to evolve from unreserved tools of popular and mass finishing into examples of more high and elite culture. (Inglis, 20031)It is no longer required in modern film making to contain a score written specifically with the images and narrative in listen, a movies tuneful landscape is now just as liable(predicate) to be entirely filled with pre-existing songs (be they popular or more esoteric) as it is to feature a more traditional score, often a combination of the two go out be employed by a director.In order to greater appreciate the role that use pre-existing popular music in a film can have on, not only the narrative implications, but the way an audience volition respond to the movie going experience, one must(prenominal) lay out the inherent differences and opportunities that popular music can bring when compared to a traditional classical score.Music written and scored with a film in mind is specifically catered to the needs of the images on screen, often a film impart be scored late in a films production schedule, there for it is necessary to bend and fit to the constraints of the image, the composer is almost a slave to the film at hand, taking full responsibility for fleshing out every nuance and sensation that a scene requires. They must adapt and fit somewhat what is (normally by the time a composer is brought on board) a fairly concrete anatomical structure of how the narrative events take place.On the other hand, when a director chooses to use pre-existing material in a film, the scenes have usually been knowing in such a way as to bend around the song. Pre-existing material can not be manipulated in the very(prenominal) manner of a pie ce tailored to fit a narrative, however, through the use of shooting and editing a rate with music in mind, it allows a certain unity and rhythm to emerge from the combination of the two.facial expression at whether or not one of these approaches to film scoring is more artistically viable is a more complex question that at showtime it would come out.The most fundamental observation that can be do about music in any audio? Visual medium is that it enjoys a rather direct route to our subconscious. Humans are by nature more visually orientated, we digest visual information more consciously and more critically than we do aural information (Wright 200310)Since its musics magical ability to override the logical front of our brains and plug directly into our horny back allies, it tends to offer the driving force in telling us how to feel about events within a film. It can be used with great effect to inform us how we should feel about characters or places, it can instantly set ti me periods or shipway, precisely because in most cases it is completely removed from the specific logic of a films novel line (Wright 200310).However, it is this powerful, insofar extremely astute ability to steer an audiences emotions within a film that makes the score so depended on a plethora of various factors, be they cultural, historical or otherwise. What a person is going to feel when exposed to different vigorouss is extremely subjective, how one person responds may not correlate with how another would when exposed to the same thing.All popular music contains visual elements all film relies, in varying degrees, on musical elements (Inglies 20033)A director can take great payoff of that fact that pre-existing popular music leave alone often have already existed within the cognisance of the public for long enough that a response will have been built up in their mind, particularly with regards to songs containing specific, concrete lyrics. An example of the successf ul combination of a songs lyrics and a sequence edited perfect(a)ly to its rhythm would be the opening montage of the Zack Snyder say Watchmen (2009), the sequence, which shows the unfolding of an alternate historical timeline of the 1960s, moves along at a constant, soundless and meditative crawl, all the while Bob Dylans The times they are a-changing echoes out, the lyrics apparent to directly book of facts the events taking place and the mid tempo, simple yet mournful and effective guitar/harmonica parts perfectly compliment the mood and set the tone there is a heavy sense of sadness, a great part of the story centres around the fact that a new generation of garment heroes are now faced with a alliance that no longer has time for them, that fears them even and in this sequence we look back into the halcyon golden days of the older generation of costumed heroes, when it was more innocent, but we view the often depressing events that lead to the current state of affairs with in the narrative.In other instances, the right song placed with the right images can elevate both beyond their limits as break down mediums, fleshing out one another in new and exciting directions.For example in David Lynchs masterpiece Blue Velvet(1986), a few keys scenes, use pre-existing material to truly haunting and terrifying effect. Most excellently perhaps is the scene where Jeffery Beaumont (Kyle Maclachlan) is serenaded by the suave, menacing, porcelain white, rake thin figure of Ben (Dean Stockwell). Ben lip-synchs along to Roy Orbisons classic In Dreams. The song, a ballad that tells a story of befogged love, had already become a well known hit by the time Lynch made Blue Velvet. Recorded in 1963 (twenty three years prior to Blue Velvets release) it peaked at number sevener on the billboard charts. Within the dark, unsettling noir universe that Lynch had created for the film, the song took on something of a far more disturbing meaning. The ironic juxtaposition of Orb isons vapourous voice, haunting melody and the dream like music accompanying it, along side the creeping dread and ominous shadow of impending power smothering the sequence help elevate the mood and make it brilliantly. Blue Velvet itself felt a lot like a dream, or a nightmare, and the songs lyrics resonated with a compelling and strange clarity within the films mood. The whole film was about looking below the surface of something lookingly perfect and finding that it was rotten to the core, here, in this context, a remarkable beautiful piece of music is suddenly something more, theres something darker at its heart. A truly inspiring select of popular music for a scene, and a prime example of the enlargement of a scenes mood the correct piece of pre-existing music can have. The innocent, whimsical connotations and feelings evoked by In Dreams sits in a perfect, jarringly uneasy unity along side the hellish, violent world at Blue Velvets heart. The impact of the sequence is un mistakable, one can not infer the scene playing out with any other song and similarly after viewing the sequence, one can not hear the song without imaging Ben swaying and singing or Frank Booth (Dennis Hooper) becoming muddled in sadness, hence insane with rage upon hearing the song hes haunt with. From a commercial aspect the song was incredibly useful in revitalising Roy Orbisons then lagging career, though he was at first shocked upon viewing the way his music had been used, the song and film bolstered interest back into the singers work.Although, on the other side of the coin, it is precisely because the message in music is so implicit, because it influences us somewhat subliminally, that we find its failings so noteworthy The put on the line are high when it works, it moves us, but when it fails, we cringe at the attempt (Wright 200312).Because popular music tends to exist within the bite, it changes and mutates at the same rate as fashion or hairstyles, the peril of us ing a popular song from a certain time can immediately give a film a shelf lifetime. Obviously, over time, all films begin to look dated compared to their modern equivalents, however, popular music evolves at such a lightning pace that the wrong piece (or some times, the right piece for that moment in time) can often make a film expect laughable or extremely out dated within a short space of time (See many, many, many films from the 80s)It therefore, appears that producers and directors run signifi monger risk when making a conscious decision to use popular music as score. Which does seem to beg the question, that if music written for the film can be tailored to fit a films needs precisely and pre-existing material tends to loose its relevance within years, why do mass still use popular music?From a cynical point of view it could be suggested that its more often than not with financial reasons in mind, its common knowledge that only one in ten productions will return a substantia l profit, however its the huge profit of that one that makes up for all the others, so the added bonus of having an easily marketable sound shack is always going to be a draw in terms of money.However, pre-existing music has its own artistic merits within film as a choice of soundtrack. Since most popular songs chosen for film (such as In Dreams mentioned preceding) have already existed within the public consciousness for considerable time enough for people to build and attach their own set of feelings and emotions to a song, the use of popular music brings with it a ready prepared set of emotional triggers that a film or scene can build on top of, this always for a scene to carry more emotional clout than if an unheard and unknown score made for the film was used in its place.The right song in the right place can be an extremely powerful thingumabob (Wright 200313)Though it is indeed true that the use of popular music can run the risk of making a film seem out dated fairly quick ly, the act that pre-existing popular music does capture and retain the mood of the time period it was created in can be an extremely useful tool when the subject matter of a film is specific to a certain era, it can instantly and effortlessly conjure up the mood of a certain point in news report in a way that a composed score would agitate to achieve. Familiar examples of music from the desired era summon up not only the musical memory of the time, but come complete with the attitudes and ideas that were cogitate to that period (Wright 200313).For example, the 1960s for many cultural and historical reasons stills resonates powerfully within the public consciousness. Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now (1979) partly achieved a dependably accurate depiction of the ear through the careful use of songs potently linked to that decade, but more than that, the songs chosen often reflect the flakey situations Captain Willard (Martin Sheen) finds himself in and the deepening sense of dread that consumes him as he heads further down the river and into the stories nightmarish underbelly. This effect is starkly illustrated in the films noted beginnings, as Willard stares blankly at a ceiling fan in his room, the Doors song The End plays non-diegetically along with the sound of helicopter blades. Not only does the song help to evoke feeling and images of the 60s, but it as well comments upon an uncomfortable and unsettling notion that haunts the film, as Matthew Caley describes it in his essay Heavy RotationThe opening sequence invokes the notion of a terrible re-occurrence the end becoming the beginning, signifying the heaviest of burdens (Pop Fiction, Caley 200538) close to events, in this case the Vietnam war, can never be overcome on a personal level.Another important difference between the use of popular music as score and traditionally composed pieces is that, for the most part, traditional scores are used non-diegetically, as seemingly separate entitles, f loating above the action, where as very often, popular music is used diegetically within the frame. This could be in part that we are almost teach to think of songs as more than simply visual accompaniment, we hear a song and nine times out of ten well view a performance going along with it, we see the band, the singer and the stage, lyrics also cry out for attention and want to be hear and analysed. barely underscoring a scene with a popular song, can in some cases distract the audience from the primary(prenominal) narrative drive, and as soon as an audience is lost from the film, it becomes increasingly difficult to get them back involved. So, to riposte this, more often than not the source of a piece of popular music will normally be within the frame, be it a car radio or a CD player or (as was the case in Blue Velvet) some one singing. In this way, we no longer find the presence of a separate medium looking for attention problematic, the characters can hear what we are hear ing, a logical confession for the songs presence has been given. This can also happen on a wider home base through out a film, when the set up provides a musical or semi-musical means by which to accept the constant presence of diegetic music, for example in High Fidelity (Stephen Frears, 2000), the narrative revolves around Rob Gordon (John Cussack) who runs a small, alternative-music store, and his employees. The overt musical setting always for many chances for popular songs to appear diegetically within the movie, however, once the action is removed from the apparent source of these songs, they act as score instead, but because the viewer has been given enough logical justification for their presence, their use in these situations does not direct attention from the action, or seem contrived and indulgent in their use. With out the earlier learn provided by the films location allows use, this may not be the case.Given all these difficulties, music, with its back door access to our consciousness, is a powerful tool it stealthily pilot The audiences mood ad emotional response to a films content (Wright 2003 20)What it is that succeeds when popular music is used as accompaniment in film is subject to many different factors, most extremely subtle. Precisely how it effect a person is of course on an individual level and cant realistically be hammered down to a science in any way, but the successful use of music often engages in a way that is simultaneously original, but resonate with a unchanged quality. Popular music is an ever changing form of expression in and of itself, and as too, the landscape and language of cinema grows and changes over time it is fair to say that what in principle can be regard as the rules to determine what does and does not work as musical accompaniment to film, will remain the same.An interesting angle that has also been undertaken by many modern film makers (perhaps not consciously) is the mimicking of techniques used in more traditional film scores when using pre-existing material, the most prevalent of these could possibly be the use of popular song as Leitmotif, which I will now explore in chapter two.Chapter 2 Popular Music as LeitmotifFirstly, the term leitmotif is, according to Groves Dictionary of Music define as suchA theme, or other coherent idea, clearly defined so as to retain its identity if modified on later(prenominal) appearances, and whose purpose is to re array or symbolise a person, object, place, idea, state of mind, supernatural force or any other ingredient in a dramatic work, usually operatic but also vocal, choral or instrumentalA term used original to denote a process occurring in the operas of Richard Wagner, it has been adopted by film scholars as a means by which to describe a similar role in the classical film score, a way of producing subtle sensations and associations in the auditor (or viewer) (Costantini http//filmsound.org/gustavo/leitmotif-revisted.htm).In essence, t he leitmotif is any melody, progression or harmony that occurs more than once during the film, and is normally attached to characters or actions as a means to evoke a memory in the viewer via a subconscious attachment of the repeating music to the images on screen.Leitmotifs also have the power to be both denotative and connotative in they way they present emotions and link to the image. The music denotes characters or/and situations through a link with music, then a repetition of the music, it can also create more subtle connotations when foreshadowing or contradicting the images on screen (Rodman, changing tunes 2006124)For example, many of the scores composed by Ennio Morricone for director Sergio Leones spaghetti westerns, prominently feature the use of leitmotif to establish characters.In The Good, The Bad and The Ugly (1966), the use of a pass off two note melody is a frequent motif, played on three separate instruments to represent the three main characters of the film cham pagne flute for Blondie, ocarina for Angel eyes and human voices for Tuco.Through the denotative use of the notes A and its fourth interval upwards D, a Spanish chilliness is achieved within the music, along side the three separate instruments help create a potent connection with the characters and ambience of the images on screen.The link between this leitmotif and the images it scores are so prevalent, that it is practically impossible to separate the two from one another, they are forever inescapably tethered in concert through this denotation, however, as leitmotif works connotatively as well, the describing traits that the music presents can exist outside the images context. Though we will always link that two note motif visually with the characters of The Good, The Bad and The Ugly, we too will always link the emotions, mood and feeling of the film (A romanticised, stylised version the west, heroism, treachery, adventure) with the music , and these connotations can carry on b eyond the context of the films images, having been emotional hardwired in to our minds via the back door access connotations within music can supply.It is interesting to note that upon its release as a soundtrack album, Morricones score performed very well, reach number four on the billboard charts and becoming frequently sampled , re used and referenced by many popular musicians since (including, Gorrilaz, R.E.M and The Pogues) and thus, could be argued that it has moved from its initial use as a film score, more into the public consensus as popular music, possibly even a cultural touchstone, even if its original interests where not defined that way.As popular music has evolved beyond a simple form of entertainment and entered into the musical landscape of cinema as a method of scoring, its denotative/connotative properties have made it possible to assume the role of leitmotif when used correctly in films, it is this utilising of an established method of scoringand utilising correc tly, that gives yet more weight to popular music as artistically viable.When used as leitmotif, popular music tends to be given more denotative power than a traditional score, though also still able to connotate subtle meanings.The difference being that the denotation is more subtle, nuanced and relies more heavily on the viewers familiarity and competence with the music prior to experiencing it in the film.To explore this, I shall examine two popular modern films that heavily rely on popular music as score, both using it as leitmotif, in different ways however. Shaun of the Dead (Edgar Wright, 2004) and Pulp Fiction (Quentin Tarantino, 1994).Shaun of the Dead is presented as being a romantic comedywith living deads, the film garnered hugely favourable reviews upon its release for its pass away of witty Douglas Adams-esque British humour and the classic elements of the zombie genre found in the work of George A Romero. Like director and writer (along with Simon Pegg) Edgar Wright s earlier work on the television series Spaced, Shaun of the Dead uses a digest score (along with a few tracks written specifically for the film) consisting of popular tunes.The same song does not reappear frequently through the film to reinforce character or situation as leitmotif may be used in a traditional score, instead the films leitmotif is to be drawn from a perceived prior knowledge that the viewer must have with the songs, which allows an emphatic, direct meaning (via lyrics, song titles and often a reference to horror genre) to achieve denotative references, often used to comic effect to act as leitmotif through the film. The stipulations of leitmotif are also achieved via the songs connotative effect on the viewer via their subtle (sometimes not so subtle) descriptions of a scenes mood, or a character trait or often the films overall theme.For example, the film opens with an excerpt from subtlety township by the Specials over a black screen, before cutting to a medium close up of Shaun (Simon Pegg) sat, mouth agape, a brain dead expression stapled to his face, in a pub (we there for automatically make the assumption that the music is being heard diegetically by the characters as well, emanating from a jukebox or something similar).The song immediately makes clear the mood of the film, the very title of the track is Ghost Town, straight away subtly suggesting the coming events of the films narrative, The lyrics (though originally written about the large scale unemployment feared to be brought by the policies of Margret Thatcher) twist and take perfectly with one of the films core themes, the idea that modern British baseball club is dulling down, decaying, zombifing itself and wasting away in to nothing more than the aforementioned Ghost Town of the songs title.The style of music itself also captures the spirit of the film, connotating on an almost subconscious level to the viewer what to expect in terms of the films mood, the up beat Ska style is certainly light hearted almost comical in its bouncy rhythms, but a sinister vein runs through the song, similarly, the film, though a comedy at heart, has moments of real horror as the zombie crisis escalates towards the end of the film. It is also extremely British in sound, as the film is too, extremely British in its writing and acting.Other examples of songs being used for their inherent referencing/or placement within the horror genre are Zombie Nation by Kernkraft 4000 and The Blue Wrath by I Monster. Both these songs differ wildly in their stylistic traits, but by their nature of both taking reference points from supernatural angles (zombies, monsters) they are linked to the leitmotif structure the film uses. Zombie Nation in particular, though used for only a very short space of time, prescribes to a similar denotative/connotative use as Ghost Town does. Denotatively in its title it directly name checks not only the main antagonistic force of the movie but also the movie s entire scene set up and connotativley it also refers to the perceived notion of a zombifed Britain, using the title in a less literal sense, the style of music (a repetitive dance song) also, through heavy irony, helps subtly convey the idea of a brain dead society, (though, thats not to suggest that dance music is inherently brain dead, more that, the repetitive nature of its genre along with the social image of hordes of silent, blank eyed individuals, twitching along in unison trapped in some nightclub runs a unobjectionable parallel with the zombie hordes occupying the move)A sequence which has since gained a great handle of attention and become something of a classic comedy moment, takes place towards the end of the film, trapped by the marauding, relentless zombie hordes into the Winchester pub, Shaun and his friends are forced to lie with with the now un dead pub landlord, during the course of the melee the jukebox starts to play the Queen hit Dont Stop me Now. The juxta position of the songs upbeat, positive, energetic refrain against not only harrowing and almost certainly doomed situation the characters find themselves in, but also the beaten down, bloody, bruised and emotionally frayed survivors creates a majestic moment as song and image seamlessly combine, creating comedy from unexpected irony. The songs place here however, does not conform to the regular leitmotif that has been used through the film (song as denotative via lyrics or song title), and initially the lyrics seem ironic in their positive mantra, however, the song can also be seen as a comment on Shauns now fully certain character traits. Up until now hes been something of a loser, unable to pull his life together and it takes the apocalypse to rally his leadership qualities, from this angle, the songs positive message seems more sincere in its use, we

What to Do if Your Dog is Constipated

What to Do if Your wiener is ConstipatedDog befooling is usually something that chamfer owners shouldnt worry about as most of the achieve behinds go away likely be s mortified at some point in their lives. Concisely, stultification is the inability of the cover to defecate normally. If your pursue seems to be exhausting while rel sculptural relief his ca riding habits or maybe his stools ar unusually securely, he probably is slow up. Normally, the clay of the hound drop deal with the line on its own, but if befooling lasts over a fewer sidereal days, you privation to take steps to ease the get over.Dog irregularity- What to do if your frank is constipated?Can dogs get constipated to an extent that it becomes troublesome for the dog? The answer lies in the f symbolise that disability in dogs is a common occurrence due to the modern day nutrition they be mete outn by their owners. In some cases, the deterioration is so severe that it is impossible for t he dog to locomote tools without external help. My dog is constipated. What should I do? Well, here(predicate) atomic number 18 few of the things you rump do to offer immediate relief to your dogSoak a gabardine in warm ( non hot) wet. Now, using this damp cloth put a little pres original on the stomach of the constipated dog, stroking downwardly towards the anus. This action mimics the natural way a mother dog uses its clapper to help the puppy eliminate trapped gas and the waste put in in the stomach.Always keep lot of water near your pamper as lack of water can put his kidneys at risk. In order to prevent constipation from happening, put forward your dog with lots of vegetables in his meals. M both individuals use a variety of green vegetables with wetted dry dog forage.Remember that exercise is a good remedy for constipation. Depending on the mature and condition of the dog, a long walk or an energetic take to the woods does a fantastic job of reviving a sluggish b owel. deadening is r atomic number 18 in puppies, but should your dog ever gets constipated, he can easily be comforted by the use of enema. An enema could be administered through a 8 feeding tube, which is mounted on a syringe filled with around 3-4 cc of warm water (the tally depends on the size of the dog). Put small measuring stick of KY Jelly (or oil colour jelly) on the end of this tube, and insert the tube into the dogs rectum, possibly an inch (again that depends on the measurements of the dog). Slowly push the plunger until the liquid mandate has completely disappe bed from the syringe. In just few minutes, you willing get the sought after results.Causes Symptoms of a Dog ConstipatedCauses of dog constipationA dog that is suffering from constipation spends more than than usual in releasing his stools, as salutary as the resulting stools are small, round and hard. It certain that if your puppy is constipated, he is under t peerless ending long trauma. One of the main reasons for constipation is insufficient water recess and too much gap between deuce potty breaks. With that said, here are some of major causas of constipation in canines1. Excessive shellExcessive licking of hair can harden the hair, which top executive ward off the colon. You must find out the coiffure of excessive licking and prey up it completely.2. Consumption of foreign objectsConsumption of foreign materials such as gravel, rocks, toys, dirt, bone up and fabric can in addition contribute towards acquire the dog constipated. If objects are abnormally expectant, they might injure the colon while the dog attempts to pass them. You might even need surgery to remove them.3. Surgery irregularity is one among the several side effects of surgery. So, dont be worried if your dog doesnt be possessed of bowel movements for a few days after he has undergone a surgery.4. Certain medications can cause temporary constipationCertain medications could cause temporary const ipation in canines. Your veterinarian will almost certainly suggest a stool s practicallyer to resolve the problem.5. A dog that shouldnt be constipated according to his medical exam reports must be checked for electrolyte disturbances. This could be a serious clinical characteristic of a metabolic disease that might have manifested in the dog.6. Older dogs often have their prostrates enlarged. The prostate is located just beneath the colon. When it enlarges, it presses against the colon and reduces the width of the route it has for the passage of feces. Alternatively, there might be a tumor in the colon, narrowing the passage further. Neutering the dog and/or removing the tumor will generally correct such problems.Dog geometrical irregularity SymptomsHow to tell if your dog is constipated? There are m each another(prenominal) signs and symptoms of constipation in canines that can easily be seen by those that are in close contact with the dog.Common symptomsOne among the obvious symptoms of constipation is difficulty in defecation. This difficulty can manifest itself in a few different ways, including excessive stress and the inability to generate a bowel movement at all. Sometimes dogs release small amount of fluid from their anus after an effort. You can consider your dog as constipated if he does not have a bowel movement for more than two days.Additional symptomsSome dogs with constipated stomachs might still have the ability to release their stools however, the stools they release are often real hard and dry. You might also notice the obvious pain that the dog feels (exhibited by whining, grunting and hunching) while defecating. The dry stools and constant straining might turn the anus red. In other instances, the stool contains riptide and mucus.Symptoms of severe constipationIn the mod stages of constipation, dogs experience decreased appetite, flop up eating completely or vomit a lot. They could also become bloated and lethargic due to compacte d stools. Constipation might also cause depression in dogs. Many of them might stop responding to their favorite play activities and treats. If your dog is experiencing any one of these symptoms, withdraw your veterinarian immediately.Some other symptomsA clear indication of constipation in pet dogs is visiting the toilet frequently with little success. otherwise noteworthy indications of constipation are listed belowMental stress firing of appetiteReluctant to do physical activitiesIncreased whiningAbnormal gaitDifficulty in walkingAbdominal distensionSwelling and affection in the anal regionPainful bowel movement tug while defecatingPassing very hard stoolPassing very difficult stoolsDog Constipation RemedyRemedies for dogs with minor constipationWhat to give a dog for constipation that is not major? Below mentioned are some of the best handlings that are meant for minor constipation. In case the problem persists for more than seven days or perhaps the stool contains large amou nts of blood or mucus, consult your veterinarian before starting any intervention.Make use of a stool softenerMinor constipation can usually be treated with the help of a stool softener. Laxatives for dogs are easily available on most of the pet stores. Read and quest after the instructions on the label to ensure that you never overdose your pet. lubricateAn old remedy for dog constipation that is still in use today is lubricating the colon of the dog. Veterinarians usually recommend mixing such lubricants in nutrient instead of feeding raw. Make sure that you adhere to the dosage to prevent further complications.Change his viandsTry adding lineament to your dogs pabulum. The fiber will not be absorbed by the gastrointestinal nerve tract of the dog due to which it stays in the large intestine, adding to the chroma of the stool. This bring forward in volume conveys strong sensory stimulation to the colon encouraging it to release the stools. You can easily purchase high fi ber diet recipe from the market, which can further improve the mobility in the colon.Give him take outMilk often helps in problems like constipation. A Dog that is loath(p) to drinking plenty of water tends to drink milk easily. Give him a small bowl of milk and let him lap it up. The dog will initially have running stools, but this should solve the problem of constipation. visual modality of exercise and clean, freshwaterTo keep the enzymatic carcass of your dog effectual, you need to keep your dog moving. Regular exercise will assist in pushing the stool out of the colon. On top of that, make sure that the dog drinks plenty of fresh water. Providing your dog with plenty of fresh water and exercise are among some of the best folk remedies for dog constipation.Remedies for dogs that are heavily constipatedWhat can you give a dog for constipation? Well, there are several radix remedies that can even provide relief to dogs that are heavily constipated. Below mentioned home remed ies will not only rid your dog off his problem, but will also help him maintain proper digestion.Add digestive enzymes and probioticsAdding probiotics and digestive enzymes to the diet of your dog can significantly improve his condition. They can also act as a preventive remedy for indigestion, which is what causes constipation as well as other conditions like diarrhea.Use a highly digestible, low ash correspondence dietSome colons would perform better when the volume of stools is less. In order to achieve this goal, a low ash residue diet is used. With this diet, the body is able to absorb most of the nutrients, leading to raze volume of stools. Many of the bigger dog nutrition makers are promoting diets that take a crap lesser stools as a treatment for dog constipation.Switch to tinned food for a short timeSwitch to canned food but for a brief time. In case your dog is ply on dry kibble for a long time, check out spirit canned food for 2 days. As the canned food carries m ore moisture in it, it will be easier for your dogs intestines to move such food. black market your dog with ginger and chicken or beef brothHaving these two ingredients in your dogs food can help you relieve him off his constipation. This is also among the most popular remedies for dog constipation. Ginger helps vex the stomach and the fat in broth gets things moving.Use olive or vegetable oilThis is a home remedy that you should not give many times to your dog, for the reason that it causes diarrhea. However, in times of constipation, adding one tablespoonful of oil in your dogs food can get all the irritable stuff out. This is one constipated dog treatment that is followed by dog owners around the world.Give him canned pumpkin in pureed formCanned pumpkin in its pureed form is a great stool softener and a natural remedy for constipation. Canned pumpkin for dog constipation is also a known remedy for soothing mental disorder stomachs in dogs. It is very rich in fiber and adding just a couple of teaspoons of pureed pumpkin to your dogs food can often start to show results almost immediately. Dogs can also be allowed to eat just the pumpkin.If the problem persists for over a few days, and there is blood coming out of the dogs anus or your dog is vomiting, the exit is serious enough to seek veterinarians help.Homemade dog food- Avoid digestive problems for your dogFiguring out how to make dog food might seem like a big investiture of time and energy. However, this investment of time is not as big as it seems once you know the right ingredients, and what your dog loves the most. Knowing these two things will help you prepare a meal for your dog in no time. With that in mind, here are some of the benefits of feeding your dog with home made dog foodYour dog gets more nutrition per ounce of foodHome cooked food is not much more high-ticket(prenominal) than the commercial food available in the market. Considering the fact that your dog is getting all the nutr ients he needs and will live a healthy life, spending a little extra on home cooked food is worth the investment.You have adequate control over the ingredients of your dogs foodWith home cooked dog food, you have full control over the ingredients that are going into your dogs food. You can customize the food according to the deficiencies present in the dog. This is one big advantage of home cooked food.Home cooked food doesnt cause any allergies in dogsMany of the dog owners switch to natural ingredients because their dogs start to arm different kinds of food allergies. With home cooked food, no such issue exists. using the right ingredientsWhen you feed your dog with homemade dog food, you have full control over the kind of fiber that is going into your dogs food. Regardless of the kind of recipe you are using, make sure that it has at least some of the below mentioned fibrous ingredients in appropriate proportions entire oatsWheat branRaw sesame seedsPsyllium seed (like in Metam ucil) principle flax seedBuckwheatBrown riceFood groups to use in dogs foodLearning how to make pet food is very different from knowing the food groups that are best for the dog, and the amount in which they are required. Proteins, vegetables, starches and even fruits are some of the important food groups that your dog needs to consume on daily basis to touch on his nutritional needs.Your dogs veterinarian should be able to provide the necessary treatment for constipation. You just need to make simple variations in your dogs diet and do all that is required keep your dogs digestive system working well. If symptoms are severe, your vet might use X-rays to determine the cause of constipation, and perform the procedures necessary for remedying the problem.

Moral Panic: Youth Slashing in Singapore

Moral Panic Y bulge outh cut down in capital of capital of capital of Singapore1. IntroductionSlashing cases involving Singaporean young person crew members gain im mense notoriety in 2010. The visibility of such reprehensible acts is amplified further by the mass media. Such reports provoke the existences new-fashi unitydnt terror of creation attack by spring chickenfulness doughnuts especially so when high-profile cases such as the finish up of Darren Ng at Downtown einsteinium was describe to occur in the evening between 5.30pm and 5.57pm at a clip period where school-going children would be making their way home. This dismiss the anxiety matte up by already paranoid p atomic number 18nts of school-going children.Moreoer easy access to unhinged and explicit pictures of the victim that were splashed across both printed and online medias, further fuel widespread terror of youth group members being much lustiness to strike anytime in the day. Such alarm is c ontrary to updated statistics proving that detestation pass judgment in Singapore suffer been steadily on a downward trend. The question at communicate then is What caused this mass disquietude of youth cut in Singapore despite there being no actual spike in annoyance pass judgment?In our sagaciousness of Singapore youth slash, several critical tenets of incorrupt panic were set high caution over youth ferocity and lot associations, ontogeny repulsion towards the group seen as a threat (people, who were caught carrying weapons, at-risk youths), disproportionality in portraying of the problem and short life-span.This paper seeks to investigate object lesson panic on youth slashing in Singapore. In our essay discourse, we argue that the flush in tidings program reports youth and clump power attributes to the honorable panic of youth slashing in Singapore. The appendd visibility of such whitlow acts and detailed reporting has push the subject of youth delinque ncy to the have intercourse light.This paper testament first consider the shame trends in Singapore with an emphasis on youth statistics to ascertain whether the aversion rates manoeuvre any spikes which may be a cause for panic for citizens. In our use of statistics, we assume that all criminal acts were report accurately. Next, a line of business of news reports by the Singapore printed English media- Straits quantify and modernistic Paper would be conducted to see how popular such reports were published.2. horror Trends in SingaporeIn the latest Singapore practice of law Force y beforehand(predicate) 2009, it published a 10 year trend of crime rates for Singapore. It captures official crime statistics that holds scarcely reported criminal cases.Figure 1 show that the overall crime and overall crime rate is comparatively unchanging, reaching its flier in 2005 and stepwise decreasing over the contiguous 3 years. The year 2008 saw a marginal increase of 1% in overal l crime from 32,796 cases in 2007 to 33,113. However according to the SPF annual, the crime rate per 100,000 population mark has actually fallen from 715 in 2007 to 684 in 2008. Further statistics from SPF website records that in year 2009, the progeny of overall crime cases arrangement a marginal increase of 0.2% as comp ared to the previous year. However, overall crime rate in 2009 was 665, lower than 684 in 2008. In 2010 then, overall Crime reportedly fell by 0.6% (or -200 cases), from 33,186 cases in 2009 to 32,986 cases in 2010. There was no mention of crime rates. Comparing the centre crime cases reported in 2010, the general crime trend for Singapore would be seen as gradually decreasing.In 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010 reports, youth crime was highlighted as a key crime concern. The majority of crimes among youths were for shop theft and separate theft. Only in 2007, did drunken revelry become the second most common crime among youths.At the peak of 4608 recorded cases of crimes against persons in 2005, only if 21 of them were murder cases (Singapore Police Force, 2010). 0.004% of crimes against persons were murder cases at the peak of crimes against persons. There were no statistics that confirm what pctage of the murders was act by youths. However, the overall crime against persons has remained relatively unchanged since 2006, and we would extrapolate that the number of murder cases would accordingly remain stable.Contrary to the statistics, there was a up heft up in news reports youth and gang violence in 2010. In the official crime summary for 2010 it was reported that there has been an increase in the number of youths arrested for riot from 468 persons in 2009 to 531 persons in 2010. However the number of youths arrested for rioting 2010 is still lower from that in 2007 whereby 573 persons were arrested for rioting. Yet in 2010, the responses towards youth and gang violence were more fervent. The familiar members were organising Citizens- on-Patrol (COP) Programmes (Lim, 2010) and increasing the frequencies of such patrols in the brace of the Bukit Panjang Slashing case.One butt jointnot attention but ponder what incites such panic among citizens regarding neighbourhood resort when the statistics seem to show a relatively stable decrease in crime rate. In our essay, we argue that the surge in news reports youth and gang violence attributes to the moral panic of youth slashing in Singapore.3. Literature ReviewFrom a sub-cultural perspective, using Cloward Ohlin(1960) opening of differential access in illegitimate society we could see alley corner gangs as a form of conflict subculture, and their sense impressionless violence a product of status frustration. Subcultural theories looked at how crime occur as individuals internalize a set of norms and sets that brings them into conflict with the law. As expound by Miller (1958) in the focal concerns theory of lower kinfolk where he identified trouble, arduous ness, smartness, excitement, autonomy, fate as concerns deeply embedded in the culture of the lower variety.While umteen studies have attempted to relieve lane corner gangs and youth violence, there are alike many others that looked at the affable wind of the crime. Media constructions of crime have been immensely analyze in the field. Research on media and crime generally agreed that crime is staple in news and popular programming and that uncommon events work to be overrepresented (Pizarro, Chermak, Gruenewald, 2007).In studies of gang and youth violence, it is established that particular media portrayals of gangs and youths have shaped the identity of this group and the societys attitude towards them (Dorfman et.al, 1997 Thompson, et. al, 2000). Esbensen Tusinski (2007) discussed medias disposeency of stereotyping gangs and their associations with violence and organisational capacity.Where youth violence is concerned, there are withal studies particularly on school sh ootings in US universal schools (Frymer, 2009 Waldron, 2002 Muschert, 2007) and knife crime in UK (Squires, 2009 Wood, 2010).The sentiment of moral panic however goes further to explore the level-headed influence of media as an instuitution of social dominance through amplifying deviance. Attention is pr unity to the ideological percentage of media and the construction of meanings. In Cohens work of mods and rockers this theory is useful in understanding how they were labelled and controlled, as well as explaining how and why the societys reaction was organise.Concept of moral panic give the axe be characte vacated by a heightened fear over evildoers and the threat they bring to society. It moldiness have a scapegoat and an obeject to be panicked virtually. This usually brings nearly a strengthening of social contol apparatus such as stricter regulations. The indicators of moral panic embroild high concern over the problem, increasing hostility toward the group engaged i n the behavior, widespread agreement that the threat is real, disproportionality in the depiction of problems and volalitily (Goode Ben-Yehuda, 1994). Goode Ben-Yehuda (1994) used 3 theories to explain what brings about the panic. Interest-group theory looks at moral entrepreneurs use media to ordinaryise their concerns their claims taken up by evidential section of the media and presented as factual (Jenkins, 1992). Elite-engineered theory see the ruling class as by design and conciously creating a moral panic over an issue which they see as not terribly harmful to the society to distinguish the semi everyday from more serious issues. The third- grassroots theory- presented by Goode Ben-Yehuda (1994) is a bottom-up quite a than top-down theory of moral panic. This theory looks at public participation in moral panic, where media then magnify real public fears about crime.There has been increasing application of this theory in perusal youth and gang violence (Welch, Pric e, Yankee, 2002 Bartie, 2010 Killingbeck, 2001), and we believe that this concept is relevant to the authentic issue we are studying. Yet it would be inadequate to dismiss Singapore slashing case merely as a moral panic. As Squires (2009) argued, Cohen (1972) study of Mods and Rockers did excessively present how moral entrepreneurs have work societys reaction for their own agenda. Henceforth, this paper would like to discuss whether the trouble assumption to local cases could be attributed to moral panic.4. Case Studies of Youth Slashing in SingaporeOne of the first incidents, though did receive much attention include one at Pasir Ris on 5th March. The incident was only reported in June where the attackers were prosecuted (tell me if you find another article about this). The other is at Kallang area where a a gang of Sarawakian robbers act 4 violent thefts, where 1 Indian national was murdered. Below are the high-profile cases1) 30th October 2010 at Downtown East19-year-old D arren Ng Wei Jie died later on being assaulted by a group of gang members. The attack started with staring and savage words before he was attacked with choppers and knife. A total of 11 youths were arrested and supercharged with murder, all of whom were Chinese. The incident was seen as gang-related. Ng was later found out to be a member of one of the gangs.2) 8th November 2010 at Bukit Panjang20-year-old Jayasiva Shangar Guru was mown and stabbed by a group of gang members. The gang also attacked at Jelapang Road, where another six youths were assaulted. In both incidents, the victims were attacked after denying being a member of Pak Hai Tong gang. The attackers were believed to be members of Sah Lak Kau. There were speculations that nights incident was related to a gang fight earlier that day at 6pm where a group of men were chasing after a teenager taunting him to fight back. A total of fifteen men were arrested.following the two high-profile slashing cases, there were report s of three others. On 18th November at Ang Mo Kio, two youths got into a altercate outside a fast-food outlet, where eventually one of them attacked the other with a knife. On 2 fourth November at Teck Whye, an off-duty auxiliary cop was attacked by 7 street-gang members who deliberately bumped into him. In December at Yishun Ring Road, a 23-year-old man was reported to have been assaulted by 3 youths of age 13, 15 and 18 after a dispute of missing handphone.5. Societal Response5.1 Media AttentionThe serial publication of attacks have triggered a search for explanations on the phenomenon of rising gang violence. beau monde seeked to explain the nature of fights, whether it is random or due to revenge, and the structure of gangs, right off observed as loose associations different from tradition secret societies. Following Downtown East incident, many reports talked about youth gangs- how staring incidents can lead to violent fights, why youths joined these gangs. intelligence act ivity reports of ensuing cases tend to incite readers about the world-shaking attack at Downtown East and Bukit Panjang that inadvertently create concerns over gang-related violence in Singapore. There were also reassessment reports to keep public updated on who has been arrested and charged. Reports of being arrested were frequent to remind the society of the strict laws and the consequences of such acts. 40 suspected gang members were arrested in blitz carried out by police officers (Yong, 2010). Although there were no expound mentioned, the report came with comments by take care of plaza Affairs, K. Shanmugam, to assure the public tough acts were taken to tackle youth gangs. Comments by public figures like diplomatic minister of MCYS also bring public attention to at-risk youths on the importance of increase community initiatives to prevent them from gang associations.Beyond print media, interactive news media seems to play a use of goods and services in public discourse over the slashing incidents. According to Straits Times on 6th and 4th November 2010, online articles related to the incidents were most read and commented on. News of Bukit Panjang slashing received kindle amount of comments from members in ST forum and STOMP and Asiaone News (STOMP Singapore Seen, 2010, The Sraits Times Discussion Board, 2011 Asiaone News, 2010). While many comments were neither constructive nor substantial, they do theorise publics concern over gang violence and more importantly, question the safety and security of Singapore society. Again, comments are a way of making sense of the incidences they were many questions of what is happening in society and the youths and whether there is a come-back of gangs. News and visuals in interactive media allow netizens to fuel speculations and fear over these incidences.5.2 ordinance Tackling GangsIn the wake of perceived insecurity at Downtown East, police patrols were stepped up. Zero-tolerance policy was affirmed, as showed in reports where teenagers carrying offensive weapons were arrested and suspected of involvement in gang activities (Straits Times, 2010). In a parliamentary debate, Home Affairs Minister K. Shanmugam landd that 93 gang members were arrested since end October 2010. He also stated the possibily of giving police additional power to prevent gang formations which include getting youths to observe curfew hours or to attend intervention programmes (Parliament of Singapore, 2011). There was also a suggestion of considering regulating the sale of knives (Parliament of Singapore, 2011). Youth crime was one of the three crime types identified by the police this year (Singapore Police Force, 2011). This is despite a decrease in total number of rioting cases last year. Police efforts of combating youth crime which include working with schools in identifying youths at risk and the StreetWise Programme- that aims to divert youths away from involvement in crime- have been re-emphasized. S uch focus can be seen as a way to assure public that nighthing is done to contain the problem of street gangs.It is clear that the series of incidents heightened the fears over youth violence. Before 2010, reports of such slashing incidents were rare.(keywords youth violence and gang violence produced mainly stories from US about American street gangs in Factiva search builder when sources are limit to Straits Times and New Paper.) And because there were petty reports, there were little discussions in online forums about gang violence. In list of parliamentary reports from 2006, youth violence only came into attention recently after the incidents. Minister of Home Affairs have emphasised that the crime rates have continually decreased over the years and there is no increase of gang violence lately in Singapore (Parliament of Singapore, 2011). Henceforth, one can dissolve that the attention given by the public on slashing and gang violence are a product of a moral panic construct ed by the various media portrayals of the incident.6. The Media Politics of Youth Violence in SingaporeTherefore, by concluding that the public concerns on slashing and gang violence are formed as a result of moral panic, we can also conclude that the media plays a pivotal role in the construction of moral panic.The media has universally being respected as one of the major actors of disseminating information over the years. Therefore, the media has been trusted to convey the information to the public, operating as moral entrepreneurs informing the readers the goods and bads of society (Cohen, 1972). This influence has made almost every(prenominal) fact conveyed in the media being perceived as the truth, and when the moral value conveyed in the media intercepts with the societal value that call for to be protected, even the baby happenings in society will generate concerns and instigate fear that some measures should be taken.Thus, the media has used this authority by providing ne ws that instigates fear to the public and arouses concerns about the slashing issue. The frequent follow-ups of the Pasir Ris slashing incident are never-ending in nature whereby it tracks down from the initial crime down to the news coverage of the murdered teens funeral and the eventual revelation that he is part of the gang. This surge of news reports are aimed to cause panic and fear of the crimes, and also warns the public about the dangers of gang involvement-as seen from the reports that Darren is part of gang- and the consequences of engaging in such acts. This has instigated fear to the public whereby concerns were directed to the safety of the part, and parents not allowing their children to return home late at night since the incident happen. The incident in Bukit Panjang has encouraged more residents to take part in the Citizens on Patrol (COP) programme formed by the Zhenghua division in Bukit Panjang, in order to beef up security in the area. (Ismail, 2010)In additio n to that, the interest groups, the state as well as the grassroots have used the media as a social control agent to express their concerns towards the conditions of the society. These moral entrepreneurs reach the public through the media such that the news will generate some concerns from the public and get their support in controlling the crime before it goes off-hand. The media amplified the agency by describing the criminals as young, in their teenage years and living in subcultural environment of gang violence (Wong,2010). These facts have amplified the publics response towards the crime when puerile Challenge, a voluntary welfare organization received 20 percent more calls from parents since the slashing cases. The grassroots leaders are working with schools in order to control the issue of gang violence. This is to allow the youths to feel that they are part of the community, and they will feel how important it is to feel accepted by the society. There is therefore, a prof ound influence of the media as a social control by reporting deviance in a moral provoking manner.7. Criticism of Moral PanicThe moral panic concept has its own criticisms. The problem lies with the proportionality between the cases reported in the media and the realism.The medias role as the culture medium of disseminating information is regulated by the higher governmental and commercial forces, The news were received by citizens at second hand which means that is has been manipulated (cohen,1972).Therefore, the citizens panic might not be justified since the reality of the case is not known. The issue reported by the media might not carry the same severity as the reality. As most of the time, the media is amplifying the slashing cases in order to instigate fear and gain concern from the public. However, in actual reality, statistics provided by the home affair ministry have shown that crime cases, which include the case of gang violence, have been decreasing (Parliament of Sin gapore, 2011). It is only when the citizens panic has reached its register (which means that the government has received enough support and concern from the citizens), will then the reality of the case is revealed and the public will then acknowledge that the case that they have been panicky about was an isolated one. On manakin of this is the Downtown east incident, whereby Pasir Ris MP Dr Ahmad Magad said that the case is an isolated one, and the neighborhood is peaceful. This was stated after receiving feedbacks from worried parents about the safety of their children and security just about the neighborhood has already beefed up by the citizen as well as police patrols (Toh, Tee, 2010). This has shown the proportionality between the case reported on media, and the reality, and the citizens agenda of using the media to exaggerate the case only to gain support and concern from the public.Another point is that the publics reaction towards the issue might not be directly due to p anic generated from the media reports, those reaction might be one of the societys concern towards the issue and they would like to help the state take control of the problem before it becomes worse. This is also evident from the states intervention of the matter, describing the re-examining the sentencing options as allowing an early intervention , in order to help the gangs who are yet to bank criminal offences (Ismail,2010). This implies that the situation is not as serious as it seems to be, and the state is only exercising measures to control the spread of youth violence by controlling its growth before it is too late.In addition to that, the media labeling of the criminals highly deviant and depiction of the gangs as a danger to the not only serves as a self-fulfilling prophecy to the deviants and induce them into committing more offences in the future. Thus, the moral panic not only causes the heightened attention by the public, but also exerts the identity to the gangs that they should be feared. They gain their self-defined meaning of success through displaying their masculinities and these abominable reports are only making these gangs to pursue their goals (Mcrobbie, Thornton, 1995). On example is the follow-up of slashing cases since the downtown east incident, one of which is the Bukit Panjang slashing incident involving 6 youths. It was featured in the Straits Times entitled beware the rise of copycat gangs as well as discussion forums such as Stomp and Straits Times, sparking interests that the case in Bukit Panjang might be a sequel of copycat gang-related attacks to the one in Downtown East. This shows that the moral panic caused by the media did not really help to engage the community and help to eradicate the crime but rather helped the criminals in engaging with more acts as labeling them as gangsters will just reassert their identity and go for them continue with their criminal behaviors.However, the media is still regarded as the most reliable medium to get current news reports and therefore its credibility rarely goes unchallenged. The frequent follow-ups by the media, portraying the numerous pictures of the crime scene viewable on the television brings these cases close to reality, with the pictures of the victim that could engage the viewers into believing that something needs to be done with these criminals.(Estrada,2001)8. ConclusionThe case of youth slashing incidents in Singapore has illustrated to us how the media induces moral panic in a society. The concept of moral panic further to explore the profound influence of media as an instuitution of social control through amplifying deviance. Attention is given to the ideological role of media and the construction of meanings.This paper also suggests that moral panic is superficially created by incessant reporting of youth slashing incidents rather than a significant spike in crime rates. In other words, this paper argues that rather than an increase in crime rates involving youths, there was an increase in visibility of such criminals act through exposures from mass media.

Management Of People At Innodis Limited

Management Of People At Innodis LimitedThis communicate is an summary of the centering of lot at Innodis, a alliance in Mauritius. We argon trying to netherstand the functions of HR at divergent take aim inside the organisation and essential how these functions be link to its over exclusively strategy and perpetration and treasures. We leave behind too address to how the company values its valet chief city to touch its goals and at the same time ensure that the people argon effrontery c arr progression.IntroductionWe project chosen to do our fitting on Innodis plainly beca single-valued function it is adept of the most famous make-ups in Mauritius. Innodis write outs with consumer undecomposeds. At this time, Innodis has over of 1100 employees.The vision of Innodis is to continue to thrive as a line of descent over the next ten categorys and beyond. Together with its strategic partners, Innodis has drawn a road-map to guides every aspect of its business by describing what the need to carry out(p) in order to continue achieving sustain fitted, attri entirelye and growth and thus pose the pet choice in all the merchandise it operates.The accusation parameter of Innodis is the committedness to supply its customer and customers with the finest amply- quality products and to lead the industry sustainment research and education. Innodis Ltd supports these goals with a corporate philosophy of adhering to the proudest ethical plow in all its business great dealings, treatment of its employees, and social and environmental policies.At Innodis, they have their benignant preference department at the Head Office which is undercoat in Port Louis. From there, they monitor the overall human re start trading operations by their human resource have it awayr and with their administrative employees. Innodis has umteen branches and has a human resource police officer and an assistant human resource officer at each branch. These hum an resource officers report to the human resource manager or so everything dealing with employees. The fact that the company aims profit making, they concur sure that the human resource operations go smoothly and do not clashing on the quantitative results that is final output the qualitative results that argon the outcomes.As ethics is an important part of the welf be of an organization, Innodis has the saw of ethics. However Innodis rather looks at the business case that is profit maximization. in that location is the intrusion of the trade unions concerning the welf be of employees. This is the reason why the company has to learn sure that their employees ar safe.Mission, Vision And ValuesMissionTo continuously earn towards offering to our consumers selected products of the highest quality at affordable prices.VisionTo be the preferred choice in all markets that we operate.ValuesTo treasure the human peachy and the psycheal development of all of our people indiscrim inately of their position or social stratum.To comply strictly with food and environmental health and rubber eraser regulation and to continue to embrace sustainable development principle.Aspire to be the forerunners of innovation, especially when it comes to meeting consumer growing demand for healthier food alternatives.Innodis has been adhering to its mission and values closely and their has been considerable closing in on their vision. How Innodis has been staying centre on its vision will be converseed in this report progressively. incorporate Structure and Brief HistoryChairman Sir Ren Seevaye Kt. , CBE (Non Executive Director and transgress of Innodis)Executive Director Jean How Hong (CEO)Other Non-Executive Directors Maurice de Marasse Enouf, Gil de Sornay.Innodis started as Mauritius Farms curb in 1973 as a family business for chicken production.In 1986, they became the exclusive resultr for the Laughing Cow from Fromageries Bel, France and some other Unilever product s.They later changed their name in 1995 to Happy World Foods Limited and in 1996 they listed themselves on the Stock metamorphose of Mauritius.They received their first ISO 9001 certification in 1999 and a game sensation later in 2009.They diversified in yoghurt production under their bear brand name Dairyvale.They again changed their name to Innodis Limited in 2006.In 2010, they expanded to Nigeria and Vietnam in the consultancy and management business.People at InnodisInnodis has been a leader in human being Resource functions in Mauritius and in 2010 they were awarded the Employer strike out and were withal highlighted as the Best People Management Practices. Innodis values its human capital very highly by encouraging free view of idea and talent in diverse fields and is noticeably jaw to have very loyal employees who have been hold uping with Innodis for over 20 eld. This contri onlyion of knowledge, skills and make love from loyal employees add up to create value f or Innodis and therefore this overall factor becomes a fundamental militant reinforcement for Innodis. (Refer to Exhibit 1, 2 and 3 for the types of gentility stipulation at different management levels)Recruitment at InnodisInnodis stick to a simple imagination of recruitment which is to baffle at minimum cost the number and quality of employees require to satisfy the human postulate of the company.The recruiting functions overly aims toObtain a pool of capable faecesdidates for va lavatoryt post.Use a generally current and fair process.Ensure that all recruitment activities contribute to company goals and a desirable corporate image.Conduct a recruitment activities in an effective and cost-effective manner.Innodis recruitment is based on an Advertise-Appointment-Interview policy. Normally appointments must be made in accordance with this policy and must, therefore, be subject to advertising and interview. However there are exceptions to the application of this policy when it comes to grant laurels bodies. The Human Resources Department must approve any exceptions in stir of plantal appointment, for exemplar where a grant awarding body approves documentation for a named individual(a) to hold out on a particular append of research and the grant is dependent on that individuals contribution.Innodis has a very functional recruiting elaboration. They basically tap into the companys glossiness to obtain a steady source of job appli toleratets. Basically it recruits people loosely by referrals from existent employees but this concept is mostly applied at female genitals management levels. This invariant supply of job applicants results in a pipeline approach for Innodis to obtain recruits at a very low cost and thus achieving its master(prenominal) objective to get employees at low cost. They always have many a(prenominal) applications stored for various types of jobs.For middle management and result management levels, vacancies are mo stly filled from internal sources by promotions and transfers. Innodis ensure that withdraw candidates have the required skills and knowledge in order to get promotions. Most employees at Innodis are suffern appropriate information opportunities in order to promote their own development. This is also a very important strengthening factor to the culture at Innodis as it forms part of their upshot values. Nevertheless, training is a spacious process and if Innodis need an urgent replacement at those management level they are compelled to look from external recruitment sources with are mostly finished advertising. (Refer to Exhibit 1, 2 and 3 for the types of promotions given at different management levels) survival at InnodisAt Innodis, selection is on the basis of appropriate criteria and merit, a record of the process and decision is kept and the monitoring instruction returned to the HR Department. When a vacancy arises, consideration must be given to module whose posts are being made redundant and for whom redeployment is being sought. The HR department takes into consideration that recruiting a redeployed can reduce some(prenominal) the time and the cost incurred in filling a vacancy.The basis of selection process is to collect maximum possible information about the candidates to picture their suit might for employment and it involves the following amountsScreening of informationSelection TestsInterviewsChecking of ReferencesPhysical ExaminationApproval by Appropriate Authority localisationEthics of Recruitment at InnodisWhile processing the applicants, the Heads of Departments at Innodis kick in their staff aware that when dealing with enquiries about vacancies it is unlawful to state or imply that applications from one sex or from a particular racial group would be preferred.Care is also considered when initiating contacts with applicants that all are treat in the same way, for example with regard to invitations to visit the department, info rmal meetings to discuss the vacancy, and provision of information. The confidentiality of applications must be respected by all of those baffling in the selection process.The company ensures that it is willing and able to attend all interviews for the duration of the recruitment process, to maintain consistency and to ensure fair treatment of all candidates.Short listing decisions should be based on evince that the applicant has met the requirements of the person specification. Short listing panel members should avoid dismissing applicants who pop to be over-qualified.At Innodis, staffs conducting interviews must be aware that, although questions asked whitethorn not in themselves be discriminatory, the interpretation of answers by the panel could exhibit prejudice. For example, if indications of ambitiousness were to be regarded as a worthy characteristic in applicants of one sex or ethnic group but not in another. Information regarding personal circumstances which is found in a CV or at interview must not be taken into consideration in reaching a selection decision. For example, the fact that a male candidate shares details of his domestic circumstances with the panel but a female candidate chooses not to (or vice versa), should not be taken into account.Effective Induction at InnodisIt has been seen that rising employees often throw an stimulus generalisation crisis. The raw(a) working environment is often perceived by the newfound recruit as frightening. This can result in high labor turnover. Innodis tries to reduce uncertainty in the new employee by positioning them with tons of information concerning History of organizationMission argumentation and objectivesCompany and force play ethicsStructure of organizationTerms of employmentsPayment organisations and benefitsHolidays and sickness arrangementsRules and regulations of the organizationInnodis find that it is important to show how a certain job is associate to the overall goals of a b usiness unit and that of the organisation. The role of all individuals are linked to the vision and mission of Innodis. Individuals are shown their part in the solid mechanism of achieving the objectives of Innodis and by means of this they develop a superstar of be longingness to Innodis by saving around positive attitudes and increased wants and actionance. pedagogy and DevelopmentIt is in the core values of Innodis to treasure human capital and the development of their staffs indiscriminately. They provide a variety of trainings to employees based on their management hierarchy. These trainings in the first place aim at increasing the job knowledge and skills of employees at different level that whitethorn lead to increased productivity, quality of work and work animateness.Innodis uses training as a platform to develop a positive culture to manage the process of change at bottom the organisation. Employees are trained mostly for emerging promotions at Innodis, however, they also conduct training so that employees are able to cope with changes in design, process and technology in their actual position.Innodis has many ties up with several educational institutions, notably the University of Mauritius and the Industrial and Vocational Training Board (IVTB), where its employees can benefit from good quality trainings at militant costs with some partners. The HR department does not have a fixed budget allocated to training as for now but medieval expenditure have been ranging from INR1500000 to INR 4000000. Different types are training are given to employees based on their current position at Innodis. (Refer to Exhibit 1, 2 and 3 for the types of training given at different management levels) motion ManagementAccording to Armstrong and Baron (1998), action management is both a strategic and an integrated approach to delivering successful results in organisations by amend the performance and developing the capabilities of squads and the individuals. At Innodis, the organizations values are defined. The vision statement communicates both the purpose and the values. Innodis Ltd supports its goals with a corporate philosophy of adhering to the highest ethical conduct in all its business dealings, treatment of its employees, social and environmental policies.several(prenominal) ISO quality certifications and government awards attest to the commitment of Innodis of achieving its mission statement. They have also been driving innovative and healthier product to the Mauritian market and are the actual leaders in those areas. mathematical operation judgmentPerformance idea is the actual process of evaluation of the work of employees and aims at analyzing the gap amongst actual performance and the expected performance.It is a systematic and formal regularity of staff assessment. Performance judgement also involves providing feedback to the employees with the aim of motivating that person to eliminate performance deficiencies at par .At Innodis the performance appraisal is different for jobs at different management levels. Different assessment methods will check between past and present performance based on skills rise and knowledge gain. Some benefits of Performance Appraisal at Innodis are Performance appraisal helps in identifying problems at Innodis, which the staff may raise regarding their work environment. For instance, they may have lack of space to perform their work. The workers may relish that they are not head equipped as they have shy(predicate) and outdated equipments. on that pointfore, by identifying these issues earlier by dint of performance appraisal, the organization may overcome losses that might have occurred.It identifies dominance problems with individual staff members and takes actions to deal with those problems. For example, it analyses the poor performances of the employees as well as their absenteeism and lack of motivation among them. Through performance appraisal, these in dividualistic problems are considered and corrective measures are taken at Innodis Ltd.Performance appraisal also identifies future training needs within the company. This is through with(p) so that the employees skills are improved. It is therefore intentned systematically in order to promote the organizations products.It equally identifies those members of staff who are suitable for promotion and career progression.Human Resource Policies at Innodis associated to Performance AppraisalSome of the overall policies that are linked with performance appraisal are as followsEquityAs performance appraisals aim is to provide opportunities to managers and the subordinates similarly, law is about treating its employees fairly as well as providing them with equal opportunities to perform tasks.Considerations, working conditions and quality of working lifePerformance appraisal also considers employees work-situation, security, working environment, safety related to equipments, their perfo rmances fit in to their work performed and the career prospects that they can have. In the same way, the consideration, working environment and the quality of working life according to the policies are such that they look at individual circumstances, its prospects, security, and employees dignity and a pleasant working environment. It as well looks at the overture of the quality of working life continuously and it increases a sense of propitiation for the employees.Performance through peoplePerformance appraisal is all about rating employees performance and identifying problems that can become obstacles in their jobs. Similarly, performance through people is such that it develops a fair culture in the sense that it leads to a continuous improvement.Reward ManagementAt Innodis Limited, the reward system is both financial and non-financial which are considered at the end of its financial year in July. There are intrinsic rewards like basic pay, employee benefits and requital and extrinsic rewards like feedback, recognition, praise, promotion to higher position. As a toffee-nosed company, it also provides merit pay to reinforce the performance trend. The pay organise of the company is essential for quality performance and competitiveness and also recruiting and retaining a good labour force. At Innodis, the reward system is consistent and a divulge driver for both the human resource operations and the company strategy.At managerial level, the employers have the provision for fringe benefits and allowances such as company car its allowances or company health dividends while the reduce level workers are granted with their basic pay and transport facilities. There also the merit pay which helps in performance which reinforces the culture in the organisation. Also there is increment in pay based on the number of years worked in the company. This is why the pay structure at Innodis Limited, are specifically used as tool in delivery innovation and change to t he human resource operations which also establishes a corporate reputation in dealing with people. (Refer to Exhibit 1, 2 and 3 for the types of rewards given at different management levels)A well designed HR policy can be beneficial to Innodis as it ensures employees agnize their responsibilities and how they should deal with various situations. It also provides a framework to help managers part problems fairly and consistently.Reward ProceduresThe annual pay review of the annual report of Innodis Limited enables its reward system to operate efficiently and pliant. It has enabled such(prenominal) commitment and innovation in the company. The policies and procedures are regularly reviewed by assistant managers at Innodis Limited which tends to be very helpful for the organisations decision-making or if ever to give one calendar months notice of any policy change.At Innodis, there are guidelines for decision making which sets the levels of pay as opposed to competitors rates. The re are formalised policy being used in training and induction of new applicants. Equity and proper working conditions are also implemented to have equal opportunities and impact upon productivity when dealing with people. Standards policies has been set at Innodis Ltd as it is essential in dealing with people matters, inculcating values and provide framework within which decisions are being made. Being a individual(a) organisation, it facilitates empowerment and delegation through corporate culture.Conflict in the Human Resource ContributionNo matter the human resource operations contribute to the authority of the organisation, there are conflicts that may arise in the following waysA clash of values where the line managers simply regard their workers as factors of production to be exploited and dispensed within accordance with organizational imperativesDifferent priorities which involve getting rid of people. It should be noted that employees are an important asset for an organiz ation.Disputes may arise out of the interference of trade unions.Conflict can be creative if an integrative approach is used to settle clarifying priorities, policies and roles, using agreed procedures to deal with grievances and disputes and achieving consensus through a solution that recognizes the interests of both parties.If these conflicts can be dealt with, Innodis can become more productive and the welfare of its employees will improve much more and this will result in employees commitment and thus the goals and objectives can be easily achieved.ConclusionTo conclude, managing people in an organisation whether it is of epic size or small size is very important since human resource operations help the organisation to attain its goals and objectives if they are well integrated and carry out. They help in the day to day rail of the organisation and they are very important. If human resource operations are well carried out in an organisation, they will help in ensuring that th ere is a good relationship between employees and the management as the employees will be well taken care of.At Innodis, they have real a very strategic approach at every step in HR operations and at every turn, they strengthen their organisational culture and commitment to their mission and values.Exhibit 1 down the stairs is an example of a job description for a outmatch management position at Innodis together with some information with potential trainings, performance appraisal and potential rewards associated to that job.Job Title Director of AdministrationPurpose A coach of administration manages the overall daily office operations. Implement organisational strategies and policies, plan the use of materials and human resources and manage the administrative staff.Responsibilities Negotiates contracts, manages vendor relationships, primary liaison to mental synthesis landlord and oversees office operating procedures.Qualifications For a director of administration position typ ically consist of a bachelors degree in business administration or other related field and at least 10 years of buzz off.Skills This position may also require supernumerary skills such as the ability to identify and implement best practices, work independently, think strategically, plan for the long- destination success.Salary(Approximate) INR 120000+ /monthPotential Training Areas MBA programs at the University of Mauritius, Courses in Resources Management, Diplomas in Statistics and Economics.Innodis offers some training to its top management staffs in fields where they are most likely to expand. Recently they have had much interest in expanding beyond the Mauritian shores and are looking forward to develop talents in international business laws and cross border business coordination. These courses are limited in numbers and usually are very expensive and are mostly proposed to long term employees and those who have some knowledge and experience in related positions. For exampl e the master level courses at the University of Mauritius ranges from INR150000 to INR400000 The effectiveness of such training are usually measured in the form of new mechanisms brought in by the individuals in the organisation to improve actual systems. Better management and operations would have a direct impact on the turnover on several business units that a top manager would have influence on. People at these level are generally rewarded with company cars and drivers and depending on their effectiveness end of year bonuses are given. However, in some cases, shares are given to top level employees in the strategic aim to retain their loyalty to the company.Exhibit 2Below is an example of a job description for a sales autobus at Innodis together with some information with prospective trainings, performance appraisal and potential rewards associated to that job.Job Title gross revenue ManagerPurpose Develops and maintains a high performance gross revenue culture within the bra nch and is creditworthy for staff management functions.The Sales Manager pursues sales excellence, works to achieve shareholder/stakeholder benefit and to increase the long-term value of the business by maintaining high levels of individual and police squad performance.Responsibilities Personally develop and maintain relationships with primordial customers and prospective customers across the branch/location market area. Maintain a strong understanding of the market trends across the branch/location market area, including the competition. Promote a positive and professional sales attitude.Report daily, weekly, monthly and every quarter activities and sales results, using the companys standardized processes and tools.Qualifications 5-7 years of experience in sales management. Strong understanding of customer and market dynamics and requirements. Willingness to travel and work in a global team of professionals. Proven leadership and ability to drive sales teams.Skills Selecting and developing the right people. Motivating people. Communication. IntegritySalary(Approximate) INR 80000+ /monthPotential Training Areas Diploma in Marketing, Certification courses in retailing.Sales managers are key positions within Innodis because much of their business depends on good customer relationships and retailing. Sales managers are generally given highly competitive salaries. A key factor that enhances their recruitment chances at Innodis are their team leading and management skills and also past sales records. Most people at middle management levels are those who were once part of the bottom management and were promoted. They already possess an idea of the organisation cultures and goals and therefore their consolidation to their new positions are rendered easier. Innodis provides middle management people with training for mainly two reason. One is to sharpen their skills in appropriate and prospective domains and second is to prepare them for promotions. However, the pro motion from a middle management to a top management require the candidate to have a good performance record over several year and normally takes a long time. Employees may begin to feel the stagnancy at this level and Innodis act to counter that effect with a good reward system for them. They, in most cases, benefit from good commission on sales and flexible holidays and work days, company cars and some reduced tariffs at some of companys facilities.At the middle management, the performance is generally measured as a team performance. That is, the overall productivity change of a sales team for example would reflect the performance of the responsible sales manager. Increase in new accounts, sales turnover and decreased sales expenses are some of the key performance areas.Exhibit 3Job Title Sales proxyPurpose Sales Representative should attend day to day procedure activities related to selling and maintain good relationship with current and prospective customers.Responsibilities S ell products to customers and potential customers and maintain a database with their purchases and be able to reincarnate inventories.Qualifications Must to have above 21, Standard 10 + 2 with fury on some courses like marketing, promotions, communicatings and finance.Skills Sales Representative should be confident, energetic, organised and resilient. They need to possess strong written and verbal communication skills, and be experts in customer service. Sales officers should also own at least a basic understanding of maths, as they often deal with prices, deals and commissions.Salary(Approximate) INR 50000+ /monthPotential Training Areas Vocational courses related to marketing and negotiation, Seminars for teamwork techniques and new technologies.At the bottom levels, most recruit are brought in through referrals from existing employees. They submit their application forms and are usually short listed according to their past experiences and communication skills. The induction wor k needs to be done here because the new recruits are still to adapt to a new environment and know the culture of the organisation. They are provided with an on the job training period for their new job among existing employees from which they usually learn from the experience of others and take advantage of tips from more experienced individuals.Most employees undergo training when there are changes in design, processes or technology in their present jobs. Employees showing potential and good performance in terms of high sales records, good customer feedbacks and low absenteeism are given additional training in diverse fields to increase their skills and knowledge. For example, more technological knowledge of some products are imparted to some sales representative who are interested. Job rotation is also a crucial aspect which prepares an individual for promotion after some time.Employees at this level are usually provided transport facilities to and from the work place and usually have varied incentives. Sales representatives are given reduced tariffs on certain company products and also benefit from refundable medical bills to a certain amount. Loyalty of long term employees are rewarded by company awards and occasional gifts. At retirement, such employees are given some shares in the company together with a rupture package.