Economic Impact of Base Closures on Communities :: Economics USA Community Essays Papers

Monetary Impact of Base Closures on Communities After World War II, the United States was unexpectedly confronted with another adversary, the Soviet Union. When the United States utilized the Atom bomb on Japan, there was a race to manufacture greater and all the more impressive atomic weapons. The beginning of the Cold War was on. This â€Å"war† would end up being one of the most costly endeavors in United States history. Each time the Soviets would construct something, we would work too. The same was backward. It was an endless cycle to see who could exceed the other. During this time there were additionally numerous army installations worked in what were once remote towns over the United States. As these bases utilized an ever increasing number of regular people, there were out of nowhere towns growing up all around these bases. Some of them became very enormous as the bases employed an ever increasing number of non military personnel laborers and the military individuals positioned there exploited what the towns brought to the table. The late 1980’s saw once more another adjustment in military approach. Out of nowhere the Berlin Wall fell thus did the Communist legislature of the Soviet Union. The Cold War was presently finished. Thus, the United States was left with a staggering atomic and military munititions stockpile and not a single clear foe to be seen. With the danger of a downturn on the skyline, there was an investigation called the Base Realignment and Closure board of trustees, or BRAC set up to choose where cuts in the guard financial plan would originate from and what bases would be shut. The Report of the Department of Defense on Base Realignment and Closure announced that in 1989 the BRAC board of trustees arrived at the resolution that the Department of Resistance could at present deliberately work if they somehow managed to close 23 percent of their establishments. The report proceeds to call attention to that the finish of the BRAC adjusts in 1995 assessed the terminations to have spared the Federal Government roughly $3 billion. (Www.defenslink.mil/bars/brac040298.pdf) After the noteworthy triumph in the Gulf War, there was a significantly greater cut in the resistance spending plan. There was an abrupt effect not just on the military who presently had less to work with, however the networks who depended intensely on the army installations for monetary security. True to form, numerous in Congress who had a base in their region on the BRAC list, out of nowhere needed to do all that they could so as to keep the bases ready for action. It was initially assessed that the base terminations would affect the number of inhabitants in the town through lost positions, lost deals

French Love Vocabulary

French Love Vocabulary French is regularly called the language of affection. Here is some adoration related French jargon. To realize how to state I love you in French - its more muddled than what it appears and not knowing precisely what you are stating could prompt an enormous shame, I recommend you look at my exercise about How To Say I Love You in French. French Love Vocabulary Lamour - loveLamitià © - friendshipMon love - my adoration (could be utilized as a French expression of charm, either for a man or a woman)Mon chã ©ri, mama chã ©rie - sweetheart (note the I sound at the end)Je taime - I am enamored with youJe laime - I am infatuated with him/herJe suis amoureux/amoureuse de toi, lui, elle, vous... - I am infatuated with you, him, her, you (formal or... plural !)Tomber Amoureux/amoureuse - to begin to look all starry eyed at (not tomber en love which is utilized in Canadian French however not in France)Est-ce que tu veux sortir avoir moi - okay prefer to go out with me ?Est-ce que tu veux bien mã ©pouser - OK wed me? The bien here methods are you ready to wed me, yet its what we customarily say.To kiss - embrasser, sembrasser. WATCH OUT !!! Not baiser... Im sorry to be indecent yet you should know that un baiser is fine, it a kiss, yet baiser as an action word these days intends to f..k.A kiss - un baiser, un bisou - I composed an entire article regarding the matter of French kisses.Les fianã §ailles - commitment Se fiancer - to get engagedUn fiancã ©, une fiancã ©e - somebody you are locked in to. However, now and then used to state somebody you are simply dating.Le mariage - marriage, wedding (just a single R in French)Se marier avec qqun - to get hitched with someoneã‰pouser quelquun - to wed someoneLa lune de mielâ -HoneymoonUn mari - a husbandUne femme - a wifeUn petit-ami - a boyfriendUne dainty amie - a sweetheart In the event that you loved this article, I recommend you investigate my French pet names sound article, and furthermore the French dating framework explainedâ on my own site French Today. You may likewise like: Exchange About Kissing - Easy Bilingual StoryHow To Say I love You in FrenchFrench Canadian Love ExpressionsFrench Valentines Day Traditions and Vocabulary - Easy Bilingual Story

Professional Term Paper Writer - Learn How to Get the Best

Professional Term Paper Writer - Learn How to Get the BestIf you are sick and tired of doing writing that is unsatisfactory, you might want to hire a professional term paper writer. These are individuals who have a vast experience in term papers. This is one way for you to improve your paper in terms of its quality and even its presentation.A person needs to be knowledgeable enough in terms of the writing process. You might find this difficult if you are not well acquainted with it. In any case, having a professional help can help you in every respect.The more work you do, the more mistakes you may make. A professional can be hired to come up with a paper that can stand the test of time. It can be done in as little as a few days.People tend to be tight lipped in regards to their own projects and they do not see the need to get the help of professionals. You need to get rid of this habit. If you want to impress your teachers and bosses, you need to learn how to be able to present your papers to perfection. You need to know how to make sure that your work is flawless and that your writing will be perfect.A professional has a special quality of presentation. You should let them present your papers in an expert manner. Otherwise, no one will really get the sense of how well your paper is written and how well it can be presented. Hence, it is necessary that you let a professional to work on the task so that he can present it to you in an amazing manner.A good paper is the one which can persuade the reader or viewer to get up and read the paper. It is not good to write something which has no power of attraction. A single word that gets lost here and there is nota real result. Therefore, you should ensure that your term paper has a lot of power of attraction.All your papers needs a bit of composition. A good and experienced term paper writer will be able to write a good composition and lay it out in a manner that is memorable. All the passages in your papers must be i nformative, interesting and convincing.You may find the application for hiring a term paper writer in several places. You can search for this yourself online. There are lots of websites that can help you locate these professional writers. Therefore, get rid of those ugly term papers and get good quality ones with the help of a professional term paper writer.

The Book Skull Wars By Kennewick Man - 962 Words

Archeologist Brian Fagan once wrote that â€Å"If we are ignorant of the past, someone will rewrite it for us.† In the book Skull Wars by Kennewick Man, David Hurst Thomas explores the history of Anthropology and its relationship between American Indians and European Descent. This novel reveals the underlying truth, hardship and reality of who Christopher Columbus once called Los Indios. In the book Skull Wars by Kennewick Man, Brian Fagan’s Statement of the rewriting of the past can relate to Skull Wars in numerous ways. I Agree with his statement and believe that if we do not care or learn about what has really happened in the past, why would it be so hard for mainstream American society to feed us misinterpreted stories today? Kennewick Man has also taken a huge step forward in revealing the truth on why todays Indians resent and distrust both anthropology and archeology. But how has the history of interaction between Native American people and their displacers shape d the way I approach and think of Native American prehistory? Firstly, there are numerous Examples of European interactions with American Indians. From the beginning Indians focused on Trade as a major role in receiving and selling goods. For example, the Indians traded much with European explorers and colonists. Many Native hunters demanded deer hides that Indians were very skilled at making. Indians demanded thing such as iron tools, copper pots and glass beads. As a result of trade many French people developed

Police Brutality in Modern Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2073 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Police Brutality Essay Did you like this example? Police Brutality in the Media Propaganda is built into the DNA of America. It is a rising epidemic that American journalist have repeatedly incorporated while releasing information to the public. Their actions are self-evident through profound issues such as Police Brutality, which have been misconstrued in such a way that diverts from the publics original perspective. As a result, the media is presented falsified information, that undermines the original truth. The pain of those affected by its dreadful oppression, have unknowingly adapted as a norm in society. It is no longer a grave issue when an African American man is shot in cold blood but seen as a causal antic. Through concrete analysis of the history of police brutality, the American societys response has gradually altered over time. Corrupt law enforcers with soiled hands can walk freely due to the failing justice system, that citizens have no knowledge in. They lack knowledge because they are not receiving adequate information on the events are that taking place every day. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Police Brutality in Modern Media" essay for you Create order Instead, they are receiving a biased, watered down form of the truth. This causes injustice to rise, and the justice system to turn a blind eye towards the citizens of this country. Despite controversial belief that propaganda has no effect on todays society, an analysis of various articles concerning police brutality reveals that in an attempt to convey a more authentic read, journalist have repeated the style of incorporating persuasive language along with emotional examples presented by influential sources to cover up underlined bias, which ultimately influences the publics perception of violence in the hands of law enforcement. The issue of police brutality serves as a controversial topic in which a clear majority of the American population understand the danger that police brutality has on Black-American lives and the progression of society. While, another portion of the American population continue to make excuses for the actions of police. This distinction is evident through the authors selected point of view when writing articles. Although the perception of bias relays the article, journalists continue the implication of rhetoric to cover it up. When writing, journalists attempt to create a subtle and clear stance in their argument however, steering away from making their writing highlight the obvious reason as to why their position was chosen. The CNN journalist, Michael Martinez, in the article, California Cop Placed on Leave in The Wake of Third Brutality Allegations, addresses the topic of police brutality and argues that the rising levels of brutality from law enforcement is becoming an issue amo ngst society. Its ironic that the examples used in this article were taken from a Hispanic-American just as the journalist in the article. Martinez presents all the faults in the actions of police by using reports from each of the investigation. The sources he provides, not only validates his argument but creates a logical backbone to the article. Another noticeable act Martinez demonstrates is his eloquent use of persuasive language. From beginning to end his diction consistently sides against police brutality, urging the readers to do so as well. He fails to include any personal anecdotes in fear of creating a biased piece of writing. These same uses of rhetoric were also evident in an article from TIME magazine written by Howard Safir, the former commissioner of the New York City Police Department called Police Brutality Is Inexcusable-And Rare. In this writing, he urges readers that the killing of civilians by authority is rare and due to threat amongst life (Safir 1). In the beginning of the article, Safir says the shootingis an enormous tragedy and will hurt the image of police officers and police departments (Safir 1). Being a former commissioner, it is expected that he would be rational in his opinion regarding the matter. However, when stating his claim, he begins by embedding diction that made him appear neutral to the situation. His mechanism of pros and cons to show his equality in his opinion is put to cover any accusations of bias. He also appeals to readers emotions by presenting the actions of police as misunderstood and rare. Safir does this by including quotes such as police officers are human beings they make mistakes (Safir 1) and law enforcement is a noble profession and should be regarded as such (Safir 1). These quotes were not only used as a form of justification for the actions of the police but created sympathy for them. Emotional subduction distracts readers from where their sources are coming from, and the effect it has on their perception. Safir also exemplifies and authenticates his information by providing statistics and percentages from cases. For example, he says only 1% of encounters between police citizens results in any use of force at all and nine out of ten cases, citizens are happy with their interaction, and in 99 out of 100, no force is used (Safir 1). These two examples visually attract the reader to take in the information as accurate and reputable. The attraction befuddles readers away from the journalist himself, and the obviousness as to his opinion and how it is embedded into the claim. Although they apply the same uses of rhetoric to express their opinion, American and international journalists have different motives when expressing arguments through writing and who they wish to appeal to. This contrast can be seen in articles regarding police brutality in countries like Syria. Most of the journalist are Syrian as well and most of the time, are going through the same oppression as their fellow citizens rather than just witnessing it. Because of that, the writings are created to amplify a reaction from readers in efforts to end police brutality. For example, in an article called Torture in Syria published by an anonymous Syrian journalist for state of enlightenment they use audacious diction when describing the events such as rattled the middle east, severe human rights abuse and torturing prisoners (Torture). Unlike American journalist whose pathos is used to invoke sympathy and remorse, international journalist writes to invoke vengeance and anger. Another example of this implication is seen in a New York Times article concerning police brutality in Nigeria called Changing Nigerias Cruel Police Culture written by Adewale Maja-Pearce who happens to be Nigerian as well. In the article, Pearce illustrates the acts of police brutality he witnessed in Nigeria. He uses a very gruesome tone to not only detail interrogation acts by police but to also appeal to the readers. Instead of using words like I heard him cry out remorsefully, Pearce writes I will never forget his screams when the first lash laced across his back. (Maja-Pearce 1). As the article proceeds, Pearce includes a statement from the police forces public relations officer saying the police forcehas significantly improved on its human rights records (Maja-Pearce 1). This statement validates how although the police force claims to be putting an end to the issue, the problem prevails and is even getting worse. By fastening this contradiction, Pearce hopes that readers can take information from such a high positioned course and see it as a sign of everyone being corrupt. This action changes the perception of those that thought change was occurring. Another noticeable act by this certain journalist was how he presented the information by using distinct language. Pearce reemphasized the calamity of the situation along with the effects it had on the Nigerian population. The use of words like demoralization, torture and impunity serves as negative connotations to describe what the police are doing (Maja-Pearce 1). As readers go through this article, they are disgusted, appalled and angered; exactly what the journalist intended. Conclusively, the style of journalism remains the same worldwide but the motivation and audience of each contrast with one another. Traditionally, the idea of death in the hands of police would be repulsive and vile but now, the American society is becoming accustomed to these actions. It is evident that the change in journalistic coverage plays a role in the publics reaction to police brutality over time. The vicissitude of publics opinion on police brutality is shown through the amount of different forms of rhetoric embed. Increase and decrease of the rhetoric shapes the publics opinion on the information; dangerously important or a repeated tragedy. In an article by thinkprogress.org named, What Has Changed about Police Brutality in America written by Nicole Flatow, an act of brutality by police that occurred in 1991 was described as such an unthinkable crime, that it resulted in immediate consequence to the police. After the publication of the first article concerning that case, the readers reaction triggered three days of violent riots during which at least 53 people died and created immense momentum for r eform, so of course the addition of this information was in the form of pathos which invoked the readers reaction (Flatow 1). However, journalist was able to carry that out with just their style of writing and implication of very few forms of rhetoric, leading to more actualization of the event taking place. Now an analysis of an article concerning the same topic written this year would show you that persuasive language, emotional examples and credible sources have been amplified and exaggerated to where it does nothing but created an awe, that sucks effect on the public. For example, in an article titled Police Can Use A Deadly Force If They Merely Perceive a Threat, written by a journalist named German Lopez, it is shown how reports on a noticed correlation people getting pulled over by police received a variety of reactions from the public. Because of this observation, Legally, what most matters in these shootings is whether police officers reasonably believed that their or others lives were in danger, not whether the shooting victim actually posed a threat (Lopez 5). Just compare this reaction to th at of today. If this same observation were displayed today, the actions of todays court proves that a reaction is less likely to happen. Journalist are seemingly aware that the coverage of bias makes their writing appear more authentic in the eyes of readers. How the public perceives the information is affected by the written opinion of the journalist, which is shown through the actions seen today. With the riots, protests, and even reform movements such as required police cameras are example of results from persuasive writings. For example, a Houston Chronicle journalist, Cindy George in the article Victories Claimed in Police Brutality Suits addresses the topic of police brutality and argues that Houston area Polices are blindly being cleared of all wrongdoings. Her purpose was to display the level of difficulty in trying to gain justice from police wrongdoings to show how easily police can get away with acts of brutality. She persuasively develops her article by developing pathos to analyze emotional examples in which the victims were hurt due to the fault 6 of police. She also includes the opinion of Bill Helfan d, who represented the Webster and Stafford officers and whose firm dominates the defense of police liability cases statewide as a credible source of information (George 1). With the use of these forms of rhetoric, the journalist sculpts the opinion of readers regarding police brutality. The increase of police brutality is becoming a worldwide dilemma. So, because of this growing pandemic, journalist have taken advantage of the ignorance and fear of the public in efforts to not only get their opinion across but to prompt a reaction. These same master minds are aware of how using biased opinions can deteriorate the authenticity of their writing. As a result, journalist uses the style of incorporating persuasive language along with emotional examples presented by influential sources to cover up underlined bias ultimately influencing the publics perception of violence in the hands of law enforcement. CITED PAGE Flatow, Nicole. What Has Changed about Police Brutality in America. Think Progress.org. N.p., 11 Sept. 2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015. George, Cindy. Victories Claimed in Police Brutality Suits. Houston Chronicle. Cindy George 6 June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2016 Lopez, German. Police Can Use Deadly Force If They Merely Perceive a Threat.Vox, 15 June 2015, www.vox.com/cards/police-brutality-shootings-us/police-deadly-force-perceived-threat. Martinez, Michael, and Stan Wilson. California Cop Placed on Leave in Wake of Third Brutality Allegation. CNN. Cable News Network, 16 Sept. 2011. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. Pearce, Adewale Maja. Changing Nigerias Cruel Police Culture. New York Times. N.p., 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015. Safir, Howard. Howard Safir on Walter Scott: Police Brutality Is Inexcusable-And Rare. Time, Time, 8 Apr. 2015, time.com/3814344/walter-scott-howard-safir-police-brutality-is-inexcusable-and-rare/. Torture in Syria. State Of Enlightment. N.p., 13 Feb. 2012. Web

Personal Statement Internal Medicine - 959 Words

Personal Statement: Internal Medicine It all began when I was eight years, my father and I were waiting patiently in our community health center to see the doctor because I had a fever. Few minutes later, a young man stepped out from a wooden door wearing a long white coat with a stethoscope gently resting around his neck. I turned to my father and asked â€Å"Dad, is that an Angel†? My father replied, â€Å"No son that is the doctor we came to see†. This experience opened up my dream to become a physician. My decision to study medicine received more attention when I was in the tenth grade, and I realized the incessant lack of medical doctors in rural communities in Nigeria which has resulted in high mortality even from preventable diseases. In fact, some of my relatives were victims of this. This experience ignited a passion and desire within me to become an agent of positive change. As a result of this, I decided to become a physician so that I can help people with their health needs. A few years later, I secured admission into College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria to study medicine. Choosing a specialty was a very unique experience for me, being the first doctor in my family meant I had to seek advice and also know what I really wanted to contribute positively to this noble profession. I would like a specialty where, when I wake up in the morning I can’t wait to get to work and at the end of the day feel very reluctant to leave. Developing aShow MoreRelatedInternal Medicine Personal Statement Is The Mystery Of The Human Body1156 Words   |  5 PagesInternal Medicine Personal Statement Since high school I was mesmerized by the mystery of the human body. I always wanted to study the structure of the smallest cells. Nevertheless, my admiration for the noble work of doctors in helping people and relieving the suffering of others was one of my primary reasons for wanting to pursue a career in medicine. 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This programs three-step approach has been inefficient because late turnaround timesRead MoreRisk and Quality Management Assessment Summary1698 Words   |  7 Pagesdeliver the explanation of quality care, and provide good strategic concepts of quality management. The subject will provide synopsis of long-term and short-term of a Long-Term Care facilities, and will provide an explanation of the external and internal factors that may influence these goals. This paper will also endorse this kind of quality management policy that will simplify the reaching of those goals. â€Å"Quality management is an organization-wide approach to understanding precisely what customers

Carbon Emission Abatement free essay sample

Topic: Carbon emission abatement can be achieved by various meaner, for example, regulation (controlling the emitting of carbon on the same basis as governments control other pollutants), by subsidizing consumption of renewable technologies using wind or the sun, by subsidizing non-carbon polluting technologies and by supporting research into innovative green technologies. Another way of achieving reduction in carbon emissions is a pricing scheme such as a cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme (TEST), which could exist in Australia by 2014, and China probably by 2015. Nations have also achieved reductions through energy conservation. Discuss (1) the various options available for carbon abatement, their merits and weaknesses, and (2) the role government and business have to play if the methods are to achieve their objectives. Major Assignment Tutor: Mrs. Maintained Sings Major Assignment Global warming is a complicated issue faced by leaders of today. Warnings are becoming increasingly amplified, in the wake of a realization that a disastrous future ahead because of the perpetual accumulation anthropogenic greenhouse gases ” emanating from fossil-fuel combustion and burning forests. PM Tony Blair told BBC sews that scientific evidence of global warming was overwhelming and its consequences disastrous. Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature (f the Earths atmosphere and corners in recent decades (Brakeman 2009). The Earths average near-surface atmospheric temperature increased by 0. 6 Ð’Â ± 0. 2 Celsius (1. 1 Ð’Â ± 0. 4 Fahrenheit) in the 20th century (The Universe-Galaxy-stars 2012). Global warming and climate change have already unleashed untold suffering to thousands of people across the face of the earth. Think of the millions of environmental refugees who have been forced to vacate the land of their forefathers cause of flooding. Thousands of children in Africa have been born into lives of poverty, disease and famine, resulting from shifting climatic conditions (Andorra 2011, quoted in Africa Up in Smoke, 2012, 12). In Niger for example, drought and famine claimed the lives of nearly 70 people (BBC News 2012), whilst later in the year, unexpected flooding displaced 1 50000 families, stirred up a cholera outbreak and claimed more lives. In Australia and the US, wild raging fires have destroyed the habitat of thousands of species, reducing beautiful vast carpets of green thriving tit flora and fauna; into barren lifeless stretches of sparsely vegetated, stunted and horrid landscapes with little biodiversity. Moderate to exceptional, whilst intensified convection over the Caribbean also brought heavy rains to Colombia, where flooding displaced an estimated 1. 5 million people. Thousands of pages can be authored to document the incalculable grave impacts global warming has caused to our beloved mother earth. It is even more astonishing when you realism that all this anguish has been borne by people who are now alive today. You cannot help but wonder what it shall be like in the more distant true. A continued surge in co levels for another century will see gases reach a level unheard of since millions of years ago. The consequences are anticipated to take many centuries to be fully manifested, as the Earth transforms into a new state. In the distant future, eras with high CO are anticipated where sea levels will be even higher and temperature will soar to catastrophic levels: a planet grossly unlike the one to which the human species is adapted (Conservation Foundation 1963). By now you may be wondering , what is the link between Global Warming and Carbon Emissions? After all, the essence of this account is a mere review of the various meaner by which Carbon Emissions may be reduced. Scientific research has established a link between Global Warming and Carbon Dioxide pollution. Carbon dioxide particles are capable of retaining heat energy received from the sun (Rogers 1989). The atmosphere naturally contains optimum levels of carbon dioxide, necessary to make the earth habitable (green-house effect). Human activities such as burning of forests and fossil fuels, however, further append co levels in the atmosphere to catastrophic levels which cause global warming and climate change (Munroe 2011). The author was inclined to explain the relationship between Carbon emission and Global Warming, so as to express the weight of the Carbon Reduction issue under review. Mitigating carbon emission seeks to curb Global Warming and all its adverse impacts highlighted previously. Global warming is the bigger picture beyond carbon emission. Carbon reduction methods in the discussion essentially target the sectors summarized the opposite pie-chart. Government can use regulation to reduce carbon emission levels. This is essentially a command-and-control approach, where standard minimum requirements are established and enforced by law. Such laws may target annual level of carbon emission, mandatory adoption of given forms of clean technology and production techniques. Compliance by emitters is mandatory, the failure of which is punishable by fines, public shaming, penalties, sanctions and blacklisting. (ESSAY Emission. Trading 2010). Regulation is an effective control mechanism as it covers all aspects of the global emission by sector. Regulation almost guarantees a reduction, as companies seek to and static, that it fails to allow firms to determine a cost saving approach, based on the elimination of non-value adding costs and the most efficient course of action elevate to the industry (ESSAY Emissions trading 2010). Low volume, small industries such as dry cleaners and book printers, for example; may feel aggrieved when their carbon assessment is made on the same basis as that of mega profit making high volume industries such as oil and gas extraction or car manufacturers. The smaller industries are sure to comply with the legal requirement concerning carbon emissions in the fear of being penalized substantially. The bigger industries however, may find the penalties very negligible in comparison to the high revenues they generate. This sad tale ensures that small companies remain small, whilst the bigger industries continue to grow. As mentioned by Parry (2004, 35), regulation when used to dictate capital injection towards a given technology or production technique; is criticized for being efficient than substitute alternatives available. Presently, the fines for breaking the EX. carbon law is pegged at 100 euros ($130) per metric ton (1 . 1023 tons) of carbon, for airline companies and 7 euros per metric tones for general manufacturing industries (ESSAY Emissions trading 2010). As stated by Paltrier (2010, 13), laws against the carrying out of deforestation are another form of regulation that target carbon emission reduction. Deforestation is the unwarranted cutting down of trees for logging, mining, oil and gas extraction; cattle ranching or agricultural purposes. You may have wondered, if at all any linkage exists between trees and carbon. How do laws against deforestation achieve carbon reduction? You will be glad to know that trees act as a carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The presence of trees creates a carbon sink which eliminates to greater extent, the excess levels of carbon. When this mechanism however is eliminated, then how will atmospheric carbon subside? The absence of trees would cause an unprecedented exponential growth in Carbon levels. However it is saddening to note that most of the damage has been done already. Did you know that between 1930 and today, Philippines has lost 90% of its rainforests, whilst Madagascar has lost 95% of its rainforests, El Salvador 70-85% of its rainforests due to heavy bombing during the civil war 1984-1985. Sumatra has only 15% of its rainforests left. It appears that substantial damage has been done already, yet still, governments cannot afford to waver in the fight to curb deforestation. It is encouraging to note that some governments have even taken a pro-active approach to not only protect their few remaining forests, but to replenish the depleted ones also. Issues of economic development hinder the effective implementation of deforestation laws. Imagine the impact of halting logging activities in Africa, which are providing employment for millions of people and putting food on the table in thousands of homes. What about the grave effect on their already beset economies; what would it mean for initiatives such as building schools, educating and empowering women on family planning and many other crucial issues? Resultantly, it is no surprise that only 6% of Central Africans forests are protected by law (Laurence et al 2006, 457). Service, to ensure efficiency and marginal carbon emission from the combustion of fuel. Other regulations, such as the U. S Lacey Act 1968, bar the trade of wooden products across international boundaries. The role of government is to provide adequate funding for the effective implementation of these laws and of course to enact the legislation to curb carbon emission (Greenback 2011). Another way of reducing carbon emission as stated by Festoon (10, 4) is the rewarding of development of renewable technologies using wind or the solar energy. The truth of the matter is that, it is relatively costlier in the early years to develop clean technologies. Setup costs are high and most companies are discouraged. However, rewarding the development and use of such technologies would provide incentive for companies to partake. Such reward can be in the form of government subsidy to lower acquisition costs of setup material, the provision of expert engineers to assist in the setup activity, offering loans to clean technology development projects as well as a mere sign of recognition and appreciation. The government will obviously need to cater for these requirements in its national budget. The government is also tasked with rendering support for research into innovative green technologies. The subsidy approach is highly viable as it provides incentive for businesses to develop cleaner technologies, whilst the companys liquidity and cash flow remain relatively unaltered. This entails that companies will continue to enjoy healthy profits whilst, developing cleaner technologies concurrently, or in the case of government loans; spreading the cost of the financing activity which will be eventually offset by rower operating costs in the long run. This approach also ensures a healthy mutually beneficial relationship between the government and business. One drawback however, is that once companies attain such loans, they may not be used entirely to serve the purpose of clean technology development. In Zanzibar, for example, cases have been recorded whereby; some farmers misused loans rendered to them by the Ministry of Agriculture through Agro-Bank, for the purpose of developing wind vanes (Mutagen 2012). Furthermore, resources are not always sufficient enough to provide for this cause. Carbon emission may also be reduced through a federally-imposed carbon tax (Ovenbird 1997). The main idea is that government can use the surplus tax revenue to finance subsidies in the development of selected low-carbon technologies. The chances of any government imposing a new tax however, is somewhere between zero and nil. If carbon is taxed, this will significantly decrease annual profits, repel investors and cause economic recession. The successful imposition of carbon tax would entail that governments possess a whole new pool of subsidy revenue to distribute to industry. Will the tax revenue be used to provide subsidies for clean genealogy development? If at all subsidies are indeed issued, would you trust that they will award them to the right companies, foot the right reason? It is a really a be the most effective strategy? Naked (2003:11) revealed that in Japan, a carbon tax rate of $2. 0/mm Btu case produced an emission rate of 324 mm ETC in the year 2040, attaining a 23% reduction in the emission rate. Without carbon tax imposition however, CO emission in 2040 would be 420 mm ETC (2003) . Without tax return in this case, CO emission rises to 332 mm ETC, producing an 8 mm ETC production compared with the tax return case. Clearly carbon tax, though controversial, can bring the results. Pricing schemes such like the cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme (TEST) can reduce co (Hessian 14,349). The role of government in this case is to set the ground rules. Its role is restricted, and major decisions are made in the private sector. The government establishes an overall emissions cap and assigns specific emissions allocations to the different sources of CO. Industries and companies are free to decide as to what to do or how to meet their allocations. The government needs to engage experts of industry, to come up with a reasonable maximum amount f carbon emission for various respective industries. Furthermore, the government is tasked with providing an accurate and reliable meaner of carbon emission measurement. Furthermore, there is also need to engage with other relevant bodies such as the EX., AU or SEAN. In the case of the European Union member countries for example, governments ought to work together in the implementation of cap-and- trade schemes. The two vital components of cap-and-trade schemes is the cap itself, and its flexibility that allows companies to exchange emissions warrants. The cap is perimeter of carbon emissions imposed by the TEST. The cap is attained by the creation of emissions permits, supplemented by a business requirement for emitters to yield the amount of permits equivalent to their carbon emissions, traditionally on an annual basis. Under an TEST any firm emitting carbon under the permissible perimeter may retain permits equivalent to the amount of its carbon emission, whilst the excess permits may be sold. Presently, carbon permits can be traded at 7 euros a metric ton. Permit price fluctuates according to market volatility, whilst the cap (maximum permissible amount of carbon emission) is fixed. The buying and selling of carbon remits is the second vital aspect of cap-and-trade schemes. One major advantage is that companies can implement carbon abatement at a lower cost than compared to the permit price for excess emissions. This ensures that companies will purchase permits, only when the cost of reducing its emissions surpasses that the purchasing price of permits. Emissions reductions will therefore be attained at the lowest cost to the economy and society at large. Other advantages include the following; predictable annual carbon emissions which allow for economic and carbon forecasting, relatively lesser political barriers than a tax, government can generate venue which can be reinvested through rebates or utilized to provide public goods such as roads and street lighting and companies generate revenue as carbon emissions decline. Cap-and-trade successfully reduced the sulfur oxide emissions that cause acid rain, quickly and cheaply (Roberts 2012) Critics argue that, whilst total carbon emissions are capped the monetary worth thereof remains unspecified as it is determined by several market variables. This meaner that some economic conditions result in a marginal price for permits, which does not provide sufficient incentive for companies to limit their carbon emissions ND sell the excess permits. Another scenario may also occur, where, the market conditions result in a very high price which exceeds that of reducing carbon emissions. The scope and manner of price setting may also result in too many permits may be issued which gives rise to other market imperfections. Industrial nations must reduce their dependence on fossil fuels such as gasoline, oil, and coal as they produce carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping gas that causes global- warming. Industrial countries are liable for most of the worldwide carbon emissions. These countries however, are capable of switching to cutting-edge energy saving cosmologies that produce marginal carbon emissions. Clean, renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro-electricity, can generate sufficient energy without increasing carbon emission (Blackmore 1998). Such technologies need to be deployed much more widely, whilst government policies must encourage their use. Investment should also be directed towards developing and commercialisms clean technologies. The Australian Government for example, invested more than $5 billion in clean energy technologies development since 2000. Such technologies are vital efforts to reduce carbon emissions. (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency) As stated by Dawson (1987,16), transferring Clean Technology to Developing Countries is also necessary for carbon reduction. Leading businesses, international organizations, and the Medics ought to devise a meaner to transfer energy saving technologies to Leads. This enables Leads to develop their economies without using environmentally unfriendly fossil fuel technologies which the Medics are now striving to phase out. As pollution knows no boundaries, it is vital for all world governments to reduce carbon emission. However, this creates a dependency syndrome, where poor countries over-rely on richer countries. African leaders for example, have been criticized for living lavishly, yet failing to bring about economic growth in their countries, which leaves their citizens to survive on donations from Medics and Nos. The government must also initiate behavior change. This can be done through awareness campaigns, media advertising as well as communicated in schools and work places. Did you know that cars, trucks, and buses consume over half of the oil consumed in the United States (Wellhead 2010)? Imagine the impact of substituting traditional vehicles with energy efficient gasoline-powered cars, electric and fuel-cell ears and buses. These measures will lessen CO emissions by using less gasoline. In addition, campaigns may also encourage consumers to make less trips (encourage walking for small errands), use of public transportation, bicycles, and carpools. If we use less energy, less carbon dioxide is produced. Over the past two decades, American industry and consumers started using more-efficient motors, vehicles, appliances, windows, and manufacturing processes. Vast amounts energy and money promote energy efficient products. (Graph showing natural gas reduction of oil reliance- Centre for American Progress 2012) Governments must also slow down population growth, through awareness, family planning, women emancipation and free distribution of contraceptives. Whilst all the aforementioned technological and economic changes can reduce per capita carbon emissions, persistent large population increases will retard emission reduction efforts. The more people there are, the more energy is required. Reducing population growth rate will alleviate carbon reduction efforts. Reducing carbon emission is not an event that can be completed over night; but a process which needs several years to bring fourth results.